Biology

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

617 Questions

Endocrine and metabolic disorders focus on diseases caused by hormonal imbalances, such as goitre, diabetes mellitus, and hyperthyroidism. Test takers will find questions related to disease causes, diagnostic tests like Cushing's syndrome indicators, and clinical treatments. This is a crucial biology topic frequently asked in medical entrance and public service commission examinations.

Thyroid gland disordersGoitre causesDiabetes mellitus characteristicsHyperthyroidism treatmentsGrowth hormone deficiency

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Questions

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given.
Hypothyroidism in children results in:

  1. dwarfism

  2. acromegaly

  3. high blood pressure

  4. high body temperature
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
GH or STH (Growth or Somatotropin Hormone) stimulates body growth, protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism. Hyposecretion of this hormone causes dwarfism. Hypersecretion of this hormone during the period of skeletal growth causes gigantism characterized by excessive growth of bones, with the enlargement of internal organs as well. Hypersecretion in adulthood causes acromegaly. Here the bones become abnormally thick due to ossification of periosteum and thickening of soft tissues as well. 
So the correct answer is dwarfism.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

A person is having problem with calcium and phosphorus metabolism in his body. Which one of the following glands may not be functioning properly?

  1. Parotid

  2. Pancreas

  3. Adrenal cortex

  4. Parathyroid
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Parathyroid glands located behind the thyroid gland, produce a hormone called parathormone. This hormone maintains calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. Thus, if a person is having problem with calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, this means, his parathyroid glands are not functioning properly.

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Goitre can occur as a consequence of all the following except

  1. Iodine deficiency

  2. Pituitary adenoma

  3. Grave's disease

  4. Excessive intake of exogenous thyroxine
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland. The pituitary prompts the thyroid to make its hormones including thyroxine ($T _4$) and triiodothyronine ($T _3$) by releasing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). If a person's diet is low in iodine, the thyroid gland enlarges as it attempts to comply with the pituitary's demands. Another common cause is Graves disease, in which the immune system produces antibodies that act like TSH and stimulate the thyroid gland uncontrollably. The gland responds by producing an excessive amount of hormones. Thyrotropin (TSH) secreting pituitary adenomas are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

In order to determine the effect of each substance on normal body variables, they were injected intravenously. The results are shown in table below. Assume that enough time was allowed between injections so that the substances do not interfere with one another. Based on the information in table above, which of the following is most likely substance B?

Variable Baseline values Values after injecting substance A    Values after injecting substance B    Values after injecting substance C   Values after injecting substance D
Serum ${ Ca }^{ ++ }$ 2.3mmol/L 2.3mmol/L 2.3mmol/L 3.0mmol/L 2.3mmol/L
Serum ${ Na }^{ + }$ 135mmol/L 135mmol/L 135mmol/L 136mmol/L 135mmol/L
Serum glucose 5.6mmol/L 3.3mmol/L 5.6mmol/L 7.4mmol/L 5.6mmol/L

Based on the information in table above, which of the following is most likely substance A?

  1. Glucagon

  2. Aldosterone

  3. Calcitonin

  4. Parathyroid hormone

  5. Insulin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

Homeostasis is the process wherein normal body variables are actively regulated inside a defined environment to remain very near to constant. The regulation of  concentration of sodium ($Na^+$) and Calcium ($Ca^{++}$) ions in the blood as well as  glucose levels in blood plasma are examples of Homeostasis.
In the human body, the concentration of blood sugar levels is regulated by the  beta cells of the pancreatic islets by secreting insulin into the blood and inhibits the secretion of glucagon into the blood. The table given in the question shows the effect of a substance on the normal body variables after an intravenous injection of the same. According to the given data,  the  injection of substance A tends to decrease the concentration of Serum glucose below the baseline value. Hence, the substance that was injected is identified as insulin.

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

In order to determine the effect of each substance on normal body variables, they were injected intravenously. The results are shown in the table below. Assume that enough time was allowed between injections so that the substances do not interfere with one another.

Variable Baseline values Values after injecting substance A Values after injecting substance B Values after injecting substance C Values after injecting substance D
Serum ${ Ca }^{ ++ }$ 2.3mmol/L 2.3mmol/L 3.0mmoL/L 2.3mmol/L 2.3mmol/L
Serum ${ Na }^{ + }$ 135mmol/L 135mmol/L 136mmol/L 135mmol/L 135mmol/L
Serum glucose 5.6mmol/L 3.3mmol/L 5.6mmol/L 7.4mmol/L 5.6mmol/L

Based on the information in Table above, which of the following is most likely substance B?

  1. Calcitonin

  2. Insulin

  3. Parathyroid hormone

  4. Glucagon

  5. Aldosterone
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Homeostasis is the process wherein  normal body variables are actively regulated inside a defined environment to remain very near to constant. The regulation of the concentration of sodium (Na+) and calcium ($Ca^{++}$) ions in the blood, as well as glucose levels in blood plasma, are examples of Homeostasis. Each of the variables is controlled by a homeostat or regulator which are energy consuming physiological mechanisms of the body. The table given in the question shows the effect of a substance on the normal body variables after an intravenous injection of the same. According to the given data, since injection of substance B tends to increase the concentration of $Ca^{++}$, it is a parathyroid hormone. 
The plasma ionized calcium ($Ca^{++}$) concentration is very tightly controlled by a pair of homeostats- the parathyroid glands and the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands in the case of a fall in the $Ca^{++}$ levels.
Multiple choice zoology why do we fall ill health introduction to health health and its maintenance

Which one is not a hereditary disease?

  1. Cystic fibrosis

  2. Cretinism

  3. Thalassaemia

  4. Haemophilia
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Congenital hypothyroidism, previously known as cretinism, is a severe deficiency of thyroid hormone in newborns. It causes impaired neurological function, stunted growth, and physical deformities. It occurs due to lack of nutrition and hence it is not a hereditary disease.
So, the correct answer is 'Cretinism'.
Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms different type of gland glands in humans coordination in human beings- chemical control

Which of the following statements are false / true?
A. Calcitonin regulates the metabolism of calcium.
B. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during birth.
C. Grave's disease is caused by malfunctioning of adrenal gland.
D. ADH stimulates absorption of water and increase the urine production.

  1. A and C are true ; B and D are false

  2. A and B are true ; C and D are false

  3. A and D are false ; B and C are true

  4. A, B and C are true ; D only false

  5. A only true ; B, C and D are false
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland in mammals. The concentration of calcium ion in extracellular fluids is the principal stimulus for the secretion of calcitonin by C-cells. Calcitonin acts as an emergency hormone to protect against the development of hypercalcemia. 

The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are the contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin stimulates the uterine muscles to contract and also increases production of prostaglandins, which increase the contractions further. 

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms different type of gland glands in humans coordination in human beings- chemical control
Which of the following statement are false/true?
(A) Calcitonin regulates the metabolism of calcium.
(B) Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle during birth.
(C) Grave's disease is caused by malfunctioning of the adrenal gland.
(D) ADH stimulates absorption of water and increases the urine production.

  1. A and C are true B and D are false.

  2. A and B are true C and D are false.

  3. A and D are true B and C are false.

  4. A, B and C are true D only false.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Calcitonin hormone stimulates temporary reduction in number and activity of osteoclasts and thereby reducing the blood calcium level to normal. Oxytocin facilitates uterine contractions to push the foetus downward which in turn stretches cervix more during childbirth. Oversecretion of thyroid hormones causes Graves’s disease. ADH stimulates absorption of water by collecting ducts resulting in production of concentrated urine and lower down the urine volume. Option B is correct answer.

Multiple choice biology endocrine glands different type of gland glands in humans coordination in human beings- chemical control

Study the following about endocrine disorder 

Hormones  Hyposecretion  Hypersecretion 
(I) Insulin  Diabetes mellitus  Unconsciousness and shock 
(II) Thyroxine  Simple Goitre  Myxoedema 
(III) Parathormone Tetany  Osteoporosis
(IV) Cortisol  Cushing's syndrome  Addison's diseases

  1. Only I,III and IV

  2. Only I,II and II

  3. Only I and III

  4. All are true
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. Diabetes is a condition caused by little or no secretion of insulin hormone. If too much insulin is present in the body,a person can go into shock, a condition called insulin shock. Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels. Tetany is a condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium. Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. It is a type of hyperthyroidism, meaning hypersecretion of parathormone(parathyroid) hormone.

So the correct option is 'Only I and III'

Multiple choice biology windows of knowledge human tongue organ of taste tongue : the organ of taste

Man with thick lips, dirt deposited on tongue, low heart
beating rate, with excess amount of cholesterol in blood, is
supposed to be suffering from which abnormality

  1. Cretinism

  2. Hashimoto disease

  3. Myxoedema

  4. Addison's disease
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Myxoedema occurs due to deficiency of thyroxine is adults. It is characterised by low BMR, low body temperature, reduced heart rate, pulse rate, cardiac output Face and hands become swollen.

Multiple choice biology body fluids and circulation cardiac disorders cardiac regulation and disorders the blood system

Which of the following is correctly matched for diseases in humans?

  1. Hypertension increase in sytolic blood pressure about 130-140 mm hg and diastolic blood pressure 90-100 mm hg.

  2. Arteriosclerosis hardening of arteries due to deposition of calcium salts resulting in plaque formation.

  3. Atherosclerosis inelastic arteries.

  4. All of the above.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A. The systolic blood pressure is the pressure that develops in arteries when the ventricles contract and the diastolic pressure develops when the ventricles relax. The normal range of blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. In hypertension, the blood pressure elevates to 130-140 mm Hg systolic and 90-100 mm Hg diastolic pressure.

B. Arteriosclerosis occurs due to deposition of plaque in the arteries. This can occur due to deposition of calcium, cholesterol etc. It is linked with hypertension and Diabetes Miletus.
C. Atherosclerosis results due to building up of fatty deposits in arteries due to which they become inelastic. 
Hence, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms enzymes and hormones hormones coordination in human beings- chemical control

Low levels of adrenal cortex hormones result in :

  1. Addison disease

  2. Cushing syndrome

  3. tetany

  4. goiter
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormone (Cortisol) that is a glucocorticoid hormone results in the Addison disease.

Effects on the physiology of the body are as following-
  • Blood sodium (low)
  • Blood potassium(More)
  • Blood glucose(Low)
  • Blood pressure(Low) 

Multiple choice chemistry biomolecules enzymes and hormones hormones coordination in human beings- chemical control

Deficiency of insulin in human beings causes:

  1. Blood coagulation

  2. Beri Beri

  3. Diabetes

  4. Dermatitis
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Deficiency of insulin in human beings causes diabetes.


 Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose or blood sugar levels are too high, either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.

Option C is correct.

Multiple choice chemistry biomolecules enzymes and hormones hormones coordination in human beings- chemical control

The disease diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency of:

  1. Iodine.

  2. Insulin.

  3. Phenyl alanine hydroxylase.

  4. Lysine.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The disease of diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency of Insulin.

 
It is a disease in which body stops producing insulin or body doesn't make enough insulin, can't use the insulin it does produce or a combination of both, resulting in high blood glucose (blood sugar).

Hence,option $B$ is correct.