Biology

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

617 Questions

Endocrine and metabolic disorders focus on diseases caused by hormonal imbalances, such as goitre, diabetes mellitus, and hyperthyroidism. Test takers will find questions related to disease causes, diagnostic tests like Cushing's syndrome indicators, and clinical treatments. This is a crucial biology topic frequently asked in medical entrance and public service commission examinations.

Thyroid gland disordersGoitre causesDiabetes mellitus characteristicsHyperthyroidism treatmentsGrowth hormone deficiency

Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Questions

Multiple choice biology control and coordination in living organisms parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Which of the following is correctly matched?

  1. Thyroxine - tetanus

  2. Insulin - diabetes insipidus

  3. Adrenaline - hepatitis

  4. Parathyroid - tetany
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Tetany is an abnormal condition characterized by periodic painful muscular spasms and tremors, caused by faulty calcium metabolism and associated with diminished function of the parathyroid glands.

Multiple choice zoology control and coordination in living organisms parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Parathormone deficiency in man causes

  1. Hypercalcemia

  2. Hypocalcaemia

  3. Goitre

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A low level of parathyroid hormone (hypoparathyroidism) can cause hypocalcemia, which results when too much calcium is lost in urine or when not enough calcium is moved from bones into the blood. 

Multiple choice zoology control and coordination in living organisms parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Parathormone deficiency leads to

  1. Decrease of $Ca^{+2}$ level in blood
  2. Increase of $Ca^{+2}$ level in blood

  3. Osteoporosis

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Hypoparathyroidism is the state of decreased secretion or activity of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This leads to decreased blood levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) and increased levels of blood phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia).

Multiple choice biology plants and animal hormones parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

The blood calcium level falls too low because

  1. The thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which binds to bone cells

  2. The parathyroid glands release PTH, which binds to kidney cells

  3. The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone, which binds to small intestine cells

  4. The pancreas releases glucagon, which binds to liver cells

  5. The pituitary gland releases growth hormone, which binds to bone cells
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Parathormone of parathyroid gland increases the blood calcium level by binding to receptors present on DCT of the nephron to stimulate conditional reabsorption of calcium. Thyroid hormone does not have any specific target cell and stimulate metabolic rate by all cells. Glucagon regulates blood glucose level while growth hormone stimulate overall growth and development. Calcitonin hormone stimulates a temporary reduction in number and activity of osteoclasts (bone cells) and thereby reducing the blood calcium level. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice biology plants and animal hormones parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Which of the following activities is disturbed, if parathyroid gland degenerates?

  1. Growth

  2. Sodium concentration

  3. Potassium concentration

  4. Calcium concentration
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Parathyroid gland secretes hormone called parathormone (PTH). This hormone regulates calcium and phosphate balance between blood and other tissue. so, if parathyroid gland degenerates calcium concentration will be adversely affected.

so, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Hyper secreation of Parathyroid hormone result in ___________________.

  1. Stronger bones due to increased incorporation of calciuim in them.

  2. Deposition of calcium in various skeletal structure.

  3. No effect on the constitution of bones

  4. Weaker bones due to increased removal of calcium from them
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

 A parathyroid gland tumor can prompt hypersecretion of PTH. This can raise blood calcium levels so excessively that calcium deposits begin to accumulate throughout the body, including in the kidney tubules. When calcium levels in your blood fall too low, your parathyroid glands secrete enough PTH to restore the balance but sometimes these glands produce an excess amount of hormone, leading to abnormally high levels of calcium (hypercalcemia) and low levels of phosphorus in your blood.

So, the correct answer is 'Deposition of calcium in various skeletal structures.'

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Which of the following is not associated with parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

  1. It promotes release of $Ca^{2+}$ from bone matrix into the blood

  2. It stimulates kidney to release calcitriol

  3. More PTH is released when blood calcium level rises

  4. Hypoparathyroidism result in parathyroid terany
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
  • Parathyroid hormone- It is also known as parathormone or parathyrin.
  • It is a secreted by the parathyroid glands.
  • Its main function includes bone remodelling by releasing more PTH when the calcium in our blood goes too low, which increases the blood calcium level that is released from bones.
  • This hormone stimulates calcitriol production in the kidney as it synthesises 1-α hydroxylase and also maintains calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract 
  • Hypoparathyroidism- leads to low levels of calcium in the blood which causes cramps and twitches in muscles or tetany.
  • So, the correct answer is 'More PTH is released when blood calcium level rises'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone affects blood

  1. Iron concentration

  2. Calcium concentration

  3. Potassium concentration

  4. Sodium concentration
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Parathyroid gland is present in the form of four small pouches which are embedded in the posterior surface of lobes of thyroid gland. This gland secretes parathormone which increases calcium reabsorption from the bones by dissolution and demineralisation and causes mobilisation of calcium in the blood. It is a hypercalcemic hormone.
Hence, parathyroid hormone or parathormone affects blood calcium level.
So, the correct answer is 'Calcium concentration'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Blood calcium is increased by administration of 

  1. Glucagon

  2. Thyroxine

  3. Parathormone

  4. Calcitonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
A. Glucagon is secreted from alpha cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. It increases blood sugar level by stimulating glycogenolysis (i.e. break down of glucose) and gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose).
B. Thyroxine is secreted from thyroid gland. It stimulates the consumption of oxygen by metabolically active tissues and also increases the oxidation of glucose in tissues. 
C. Parathormone is secreted from parathyroid gland and increases calcium reabsorption from the bones and causes mobilisation of calcium in the blood.
D. Calcitonin is secreted from the C-cells of thyroid gland and acts on bone and kidneys to reduce blood calcium level.
Hence, blood calcium level is increased by parathormone.
So, the correct answer is 'Parathormone'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Parathormone deficiency causes

  1. Goitre

  2. Hypocalcemia

  3. Hypercalcemia

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
A. Goitre is the enlargement of thyroid gland which occurs due to deficiency of iodine in the body. When the iodine levels are low, thyroid gland becomes hyper active and enlarged to compensate the deficiency of thyroid hormone in the body. The enlarged thyroid gland is visible as a swelling in the throat known as goitre.
B. Hypocalcemia is the condition of reduced sugar levels in blood.
C. Hypercalcemia is the condition of increased sugar levels in blood.
Parathormone is secreted from the parathyroid hormone and increases blood calcium level by increasing the reabsorption of calcium from the bones. Hence, its deficiency will lead to decreased sugar levels in blood i.e. hypocalcemia.
So, the correct answer is 'Hypocalcemia'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

A person is having problems with calcium and phosphorus metabolism in his body. Which one of the following glands may not be functioning properly?

  1. Pancreas

  2. Parotid

  3. Parathyroid

  4. Thyroid
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
 There are 4 types of parathyroid glands, two inferior and two superior, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. the produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is also called as parathormone. PTH controls the calcium concentration in the blood. The main function is to regulate calcium absorption from the intestines and excretion of calcium by kidneys. It also helps release calcium from the bones into the bloodstream when there is dropping of calcium level in the body. The improper functioning of parathyroid may lead to problems in calcium metabolism. 
So, the correct option is 'Parathyroid'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency : -

  1. Relaxin Gigantism

  2. Prolactin Cretinsim

  3. Parathyroid hormone Tetany

  4. Insulin Diabetes insipidus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
  • Gigantism is a rare condition of accelerated growth and increased height as a result of too much growth hormone secretion during childhood or adolescence. It is almost always the result of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumour.
  •  Congenital hypothyroidism (under activity of the thyroid gland at birth), which results in growth retardation, developmental delay, and other abnormal features. Cretinism can be due to a deficiency of iodine in the mother's diet during pregnancy.
  • Hypoparathyroidism is decreased function of the parathyroid glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone. This can lead to low levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles or tetany (involuntary muscle contraction) and several other symptoms.
  • Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance or insulin deficiency and subsequent high blood glucose levels. Diabetes Insipidus, on the other hand, develops as a result of the stilted production of a hormone in the brain, which is released to stop the kidneys producing so much urine in order to retain water.

So, the correct answer is 'Parathyroid hormone Tetany'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

The condition of having excess levels of potassium in blood is called _______.

  1. Hypercholesterolemia

  2. Hyperkalemia

  3. Osteomalacia

  4. Hypernatremia
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
A. Hypercholesterolemia is a condition of high cholesterol in blood.
B. Hyperkalemia is a condition of high potassium levels in blood.
C. Osteomalacia is a condition in which bones get softened due to deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
D. Hypernatremia is a condition of high sodium concentration in blood.
So, the correct answer is 'Hyperkalemia'.
Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Parathormone induces 

  1. Increase in blood sugar

  2. Increase in serum calcium

  3. Decrease in serum calcium

  4. Decrease in blood sugar level.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone or parathormone (PTH). The release of parathromone is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) ions in the blood. PTH plays an important role in calcium balance of the body. It maintains the calcium balance between the blood and other tissues. When the calcium level in the blood decreases, parathyroid hormone is released in order to increase the calcium level in the blood. PTH acts on bones and other skeletal structure and mobilizes the calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) from the bones into the blood. This is called bone resorption/dissolution/demineralization. The parathromone also increases the reabsorption of calcium by the renal tubules and absorption of calcium from the digested food. Hence, parathormone induces increase in serum calcium.

Multiple choice zoology endocrine system and chemical co-ordination parathyroid gland thyroid and parathyroid gland thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland

Which of the following is wrong? 

  1. Sella turcica is a bony cavity where pituitary gland is located.
  2. Parathyroid hormone decreases the Ca$^{2+}$ levels in blood.

  3. Thymosins play a major role in T-cell differentiation.

  4. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
A. The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called Sella tursica and is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk.
B. The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ions. PTH increases the calcium levels in the blood.
C. Thymosins are secreted by thymus gland. These play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity.
D. Insulin stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis).
So, the correct answer is 'parathyroid hormone decreases the calcium levels in blood'.