Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,010 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

Which one of the following approaches comes under the category of biotechnology?

  1. Use of modern technology to investigate biological disorders

  2. Modernising the commercial industries to produce products for use in biological research

  3. Use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes

  4. Use of industrial technology to increase the biosphere
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
So the correct option is 'use of living organisms or substances obtained from them in industrial processes'.
Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

  1. recombinant genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection

  2. a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant

  3. more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells

  4. plant genes do not contain introns
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Plants have the ability to grow into a complete plant from a single cell. While animals are only produced by their species and reproduction. Hence, they are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than an animal. 

So, the correct option is 'a somatic plant cell can grow into a complete plant'.

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

A genetically engineered micro - organism used successfully in remeditation of oil spills is a species of

  1. Pseudomonas

  2. Trichoderma

  3. Xanthomonas

  4. Bacillus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Marine dwelling bacteria like Pseudomonas and fungi use the hydrocarbons as fuel and emit carbon dioxide as a result. The microbes break down the ring structures of the hydrocarbons in seaborne oil using enzymes and oxygen in the seawater. The end result is ancient oil turned into modern day bacterial biomass.

Multiple choice zoology health and diseases diabetes mellitus lifestyle diseases non-infectious diseases

From the given below list, transgenic models exist for which one of them:-

  1. Cancer

  2. Crystic fibrosis

  3. Rheumatoid arthitis

  4. Alzheimer's
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Transgenic models are genetically modified organisms in which the genome has been altered through random integration of gene sequences.

Mouse, Rat, Cell genome are some types of models used for cancer treatment.
So, the correct option is 'Cancer'.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: principles and processes manipulation of dna electrophoresis isolation and separation of dna

A technique utilized by a group of biologists to isolate an antifreeze gene found in cold water species of fish and introduce it into the genome of a different organism is called as 

  1. Cloning

  2. Artificial selection

  3. Selective breeding

  4. Genetic engineering

  5. Sexual recombination
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Genetic engineering is the branch of science which deals with the modification of genes. The desired genes is isolated from the host like the gene for antifreeze protein and are inserted into the vectors. The vectors carries the foreign gene into the desired organism like the fish and then the gene gets introduced into the genome of fish, resulting in the production of the protein.
Thus, the correct answer is option 'Genetic engineering'.
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is possible because 

  1. DNA can be cut at specific sites by endo nucleases like DNAase

  2. Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro

  3. The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

  4. DNA can be seen by electron microscope
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering is the technique by which the genetic material of an organism is manipulated. The desired genes from any organism are isolated and are transferred into the organism where those genes are expressed and desired products are obtained. Manipulation of an organism's genome is not a simple process and involves a number of tools including restriction enzymes. 

Restriction enzymes are the most important tools in genetic engineering. They make cuts in the DNA at specific positions. They may be exonuclease if they make cut at the end of DNA or endonuclease if they make cut within the DNA. Restriction endonucleases cut the DNA into fragments like DNAsse. The fragments of DNA are then jouned by DNA ligases. 

So, the correct answer is 'DNA can be cut at specific sites by endo nucleases like DNAase'.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Which of the following is not a tool of genetic engineering?

  1. Cloning vector

  2. Restriction enzyme

  3. Foreign DNA

  4. GMO.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Answer is option D i.e. "GMO"
GMO are genetically modified organism. GMOs are every plant, animal, or microorganism that is transformed by genetic engineering. Tools of genetic engineering are the requirements to carry in-vitro genetic engineering process, this involves the use of laboratory tools to insert, alter, or cut out pieces of foreign DNA with help of restriction enzyme and cloning them through vector in respective host cell.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering aims at

  1. Destroying wild gene

  2. Preserving defective gene

  3. Curing human disease by introducing new gene

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The non-mutated normal form of a gene which is naturally present in population is called as wild type allele. They impart natural genotype and natural phenotypes/traits to the organisms which is not a target for genetic engineering. Defective genes are the one that code for non-working or malfunctioning polypeptide and, thus, adversely affect the organisms. These genes should be eliminated, not preserved, from genome to fix the defects caused by them. Gene therapy is the process of introduction of DNA into living human beings in order to treat disease. It is used to replace a missing gene product or to correct mutant alleles. Gene therapy is a type of genetic engineering.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Maintenance of sterile ambience to enable growth of only desired cell in large quantities for manufacture of biotechnological product is

  1. Bio process engineering

  2. genetic engineering

  3. One of the core technique of modern biotechnology

  4. More than one options correct
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

  • Bioprocess engineering is a type of chemical engineering, it is responsible for the development of materials that are used in biotechnology like food, chemicals, tools etc.
  • Genetic engineering also involves chemical as well as biological engineering, This technique involves the manipulation of DNA, its constituents to make a desirable DNA.
  • Maintenance of ambiance means to maintain a microbial or disease-free culture for the process of biotechnological techniques so that only the desired gene or cell is amplified (multiplication of gene to form a large number of copies).
So, the correct option is 'Bioprocess engineering and Genetic engineering'

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Which among the following genetically engineered microorganisms is used successfully in bioremediation of oil spills?

  1. Pseudomonas

  2. Trichoderma

  3. Xanthomonas

  4. Bacillus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Xanthomonas is used for bioproduction of xanthan gum which is a polysaccharide and is used as a food additive. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Bt toxin during sporulation. The toxin bind to receptors on midgut epithelial cells of gallworm, become inserted into the plasma membrane where they form pores leading to cell death through osmotic lysis; thus serving as biopesticide. Trichoderma serve as very effective biocontrolling agent for soil borne plant disease management. It is a free-living fungus, and reduces pathogenic infections by different mechanisms like competition, antibiosis, hyphal interactions, mycoparasitism, , and enzyme secretion. Pseudomonas putida is used in bioremediation owing to its aerobic metabolism with ability to degrade organic pollutants such as toluene and to convert styrene oil to biodegradable plastic Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Correct answer is A.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Introduction of food plants developed by genetic engineering is not desirable because

  1. Economy of developing countries may suffer.

  2. These products are less tasty as compared to the already existing products.

  3. This method is costly.

  4. There is danger of coming viruses and toxins with introduced crop.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Gene synthesis is process to synthesize gene; the gene, for which nucleotide sequence is known, can be synthesized chemically and the genes for which sequencing has not been done, are synthesized by RNA dependent DNA polymerase. The synthesized gene is inserted into genome of selected crop plants which in turn produce the desired protein product; once cloned, genetically engineered crops are economic method of production modified crop plants. GM products are not tasteless; gene for additional taste can be cloned. To achieve desired level of protein products; introduced gene is expressed at higher level which in turn may introduce the antigens/toxins or even viruses in human. Presence of foreign DNA /gene or gene products in crop plants is sensed by immune system of human and can initiate allergic or immune responses in them. Correct option is D.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Which one of the following has found extensive use in genetic engineering work in plants?

  1. Bacillus coagulans

  2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

  3. Clostridium septicum

  4. Clostridium botulinum
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil plant pathogenic bacterium that carries Ti plasmid. It can transfer a particular segment of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into the nucleus of infected cells. The transferred T-DNA is then integrated into the host genome and transcribed with it. This ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer the T-DNA in host genome is explored in genetic engineering to transfer the desired DNA segment, carrying the gene of the interest, into genome of selected organisms. Bacillus coagulans is a lactic-acid producing, endospore forming soil bacteria that is used as probiotics. Clostridium septicum is gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene and is associated with malignancy.