Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,033 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice evs improvement in food resources crop yield improvement food supply crop improvement methods and organisations

Genetically improved crop varieties can be developed by

  1. Somatic hybridisation

  2. Transgenic technology

  3. Somaclonal variations

  4. Both A and B.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Genetically improved crops are developed through various biotechnological methods. Both somatic hybridization (fusing somatic cells) and transgenic technology (inserting foreign DNA) are established techniques for crop improvement.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Genetically engineered human insulin is called as

  1. Humulin

  2. Haematin

  3. Hybridoma

  4. Hybrid
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Humulin is the genetically engineered insulin produced by inserting human insulin gene into a host cell (E. coli) which was then allowed to grow and reproduce normally. The inserted human DNA lead them to produce a synthetic version of human insulin. Hybrid is a offspring of two genetically dissimilar animals or plants which carries genetic material from both parents and express new specific genetic characteristics. The dark bluish or brownish pigment obtained by the oxidation of haeme that has contain iron in the ferric state is known as haematin. Hybridomas are the hybrids produced by introducing specific antigen into a mouse to collect antibody-producing cells. These cells are then fused with myeloma cell to produce hybridomas which multiply indefinitely and thus provide infinite source of a specific antibody. 

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Scientists have been able to splice the eukaryotic gene for the production of human insulin into the genome of bacterial cells and induce those bacteria to express the gene and produce insulin. This suggests which of the following?

  1. Prokaryotic cells many have evolved from eukaryotic cells.

  2. DNA is a universal molecular carrier of genetic information for all life on the planet.

  3. Bacteria cells naturally produce and use insulin.

  4. Humans have a symbiotic relationship with certain species of bacteria living in their intestines that produce insulin.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

All prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic organisms are made of double stranded DNA, that has the same type of nitrogen bases. The difference lies in the number and the arrangement of nitrogen bases 

So, the correct answer is 'DNA is a universal molecular carrier of genetic information for all life on the planet.'

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Human insulin can be mass produced using genetically modified bacteria. The human insulin gene is added to a bacteria strain, and the bacteria will produce the human protein. This process demonstrates that

  1. Bacteria have mechanisms for identifying and translating foreign DNA.

  2. DNA is functionally identical in all organisms.

  3. Humans and bacteria are closely related.

  4. Humans are prokaryotic.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Human insulin can be mass produced using genetically modified bacteria, human insulin gene is added to the bacterial plasmid, which replicates and produces the protein. DNA in all organisms is chemically same but functionally different.
So, the correct answer is 'Bacteria have mechanisms for identifying and translating foreign DNA'
Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Human insulin is being commercially produced from transgenic species of _____________.

  1. E. coli

  2. Brassica napus

  3. Bacillus thuringiensis

  4. Agrobacterium
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Human insulin is produced from genetically engineered E.coli. By using genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology, insulin-producing genes from human beings have been transferred into E.coli. bacteria, which produced insulin called 'humulin' for clinical use. This type of insulin was produced commercially by an American pharmaceutical firm Eli Lily on 5th July, 1983.


So, the correct answer is 'E.coli'.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Find out the wrong statement :

  1. Human protein used to treat emphysema is $\alpha$-1-antitrypsin.

  2. Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

  3. Rosie, the first transgenic cow produced human protein enriched milk.

  4. Cry Ab endotoxin obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis is effective against corn borers.

  5. Genetically modified bacterium used as biopesticide is Bacillus thuringiensis.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Human insulin is produced using genetically modified E. coli, not Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium is primarily used for plant genetic engineering.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of 

  1. Mycobacterium

  2. Rhizobium

  3. Saccharomyces

  4. Escherichia
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company, first prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of Escherichia coil to produce insulin and chains. Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin (humulin).

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Pick up correct matching set of scientists in field of biotechnology.

   List I    List II
 A  Cohen  1  Structure of insulin
 B  Sharpey-Schafer  2  Biofuel cells
 C  F. Sanger  3  Established bacterial gene banks
 D  V. B. D. Skermman  4  Totipotency in plants
     5  Coined insulin

  1. A- 2, B- 5, C- 1, D- 3

  2. A- 3, B- 5, C- 1, D- 4

  3. A- 3, B- 5, C- 1, D- 2

  4. A- 2, B- 1, C- 5, D- 3
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
A biofuel uses living organisms to produce electricity. Biofuel cell is the cell that uses the enzymatic reaction to produce electricity. It was given by the Cohen in 1931.
Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer was an English physiologist.
He is regarded as a founder of endocrinology. Schafer coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 was awarded to Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin".
V.B.D. Skermman established bacterial gene banks.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

One important achievement of genetic engineering has been the production of

  1. Interferon

  2. Human insulin

  3. Cephalosporin

  4. Vinoblastine
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. Human insulin is the name which describes synthetic insulin which is laboratory grown to mimic the insulin in humans. Human insulin is laboratory created by growing insulin proteins within E. coli bacteria (Escherichia coli). In the production of human insulin by bacteria, the human insulin gene is incorporated into the genetic material of these microorganisms. The mutant bacteria multiply forming lineages of insulin-producing bacteria. 

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in the commercial production of 

  1. Thyroxine

  2. Testosterone

  3. Human insulin

  4. Melatonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Recombinant DNA technology is widely used for the commercial production of human insulin using genetically engineered bacteria like E. coli.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in commercial production of

  1. Thyroxin

  2. Testosterone

  3. Human insulin

  4. Melatonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

In the 1980s, researchers used genetic engineering to manufacture a human insulin. In 1982, the Eli Lilly Corporation produced a human insulin that became the first approved genetically engineered pharmaceutical product. Human insulin is grown in the lab inside common bacteria. Escherichia coli is by far the most widely used type of bacterium used. Synthesizing human insulin is a multi-step biochemical process that depends on basic recombinant DNA techniques and an understanding of the insulin gene. DNA carries the small segment of the DNA, the insulin gene, which codes for the protein insulin. Manufacturers manipulate the biological precursor to insulin so that it grows inside simple bacteria.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Cyanogen bromide is employed in ____________.

  1. Genetic finger printing

  2. Tissue culture

  3. Synthesis of humulin

  4. Hybridoma technology
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Cyanogen bromide is a chemical reagent used in the production of humulin to cleave the fusion protein at specific methionine residues, separating the insulin polypeptide from the beta-galactosidase carrier protein.