Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,010 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Human insulin is being commercially produced from a transgenic species of 

  1. Mycobacterium

  2. Rhizobium

  3. Saccharomyces

  4. Escherichia
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

In 1983, Eli Lilly an American company, first prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of Escherichia coil to produce insulin and chains. Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin (humulin).

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Pick up correct matching set of scientists in field of biotechnology.

   List I    List II
 A  Cohen  1  Structure of insulin
 B  Sharpey-Schafer  2  Biofuel cells
 C  F. Sanger  3  Established bacterial gene banks
 D  V. B. D. Skermman  4  Totipotency in plants
     5  Coined insulin

  1. A- 2, B- 5, C- 1, D- 3

  2. A- 3, B- 5, C- 1, D- 4

  3. A- 3, B- 5, C- 1, D- 2

  4. A- 2, B- 1, C- 5, D- 3
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
A biofuel uses living organisms to produce electricity. Biofuel cell is the cell that uses the enzymatic reaction to produce electricity. It was given by the Cohen in 1931.
Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer was an English physiologist.
He is regarded as a founder of endocrinology. Schafer coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958 was awarded to Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin".
V.B.D. Skermman established bacterial gene banks.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

One important achievement of genetic engineering has been the production of

  1. Interferon

  2. Human insulin

  3. Cephalosporin

  4. Vinoblastine
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. Human insulin is the name which describes synthetic insulin which is laboratory grown to mimic the insulin in humans. Human insulin is laboratory created by growing insulin proteins within E. coli bacteria (Escherichia coli). In the production of human insulin by bacteria, the human insulin gene is incorporated into the genetic material of these microorganisms. The mutant bacteria multiply forming lineages of insulin-producing bacteria. 

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in the commercial production of 

  1. Thyroxine

  2. Testosterone

  3. Human insulin

  4. Melatonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Recombinant DNA technology is widely used for the commercial production of human insulin using genetically engineered bacteria like E. coli.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in commercial production of

  1. Thyroxin

  2. Testosterone

  3. Human insulin

  4. Melatonin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

In the 1980s, researchers used genetic engineering to manufacture a human insulin. In 1982, the Eli Lilly Corporation produced a human insulin that became the first approved genetically engineered pharmaceutical product. Human insulin is grown in the lab inside common bacteria. Escherichia coli is by far the most widely used type of bacterium used. Synthesizing human insulin is a multi-step biochemical process that depends on basic recombinant DNA techniques and an understanding of the insulin gene. DNA carries the small segment of the DNA, the insulin gene, which codes for the protein insulin. Manufacturers manipulate the biological precursor to insulin so that it grows inside simple bacteria.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Cyanogen bromide is employed in ____________.

  1. Genetic finger printing

  2. Tissue culture

  3. Synthesis of humulin

  4. Hybridoma technology
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Cyanogen bromide is a chemical reagent used in the production of humulin to cleave the fusion protein at specific methionine residues, separating the insulin polypeptide from the beta-galactosidase carrier protein.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology genetically engineered insulin application of biology in therapy and vaccine application of biotechnology in medicine

Which of the following statements is not correct? 

  1. Insulin used for diabetic patients was earlier extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs which was more efficient than that the genetically engineered insulin

  2. PCR technique is applied to detect HIV in Suspected AIDS patients and to detect mutations in genes in suspected cancer patients

  3. Bone marrow transplantation requires periodic infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes

  4. Bio-remediation is the one of the applications of biotechnology
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Earlier, insulin used for curing diabetes used to be extracted from pancreas of slaughtered pigs and cattle. This insulin was slightly different from human insulin and caused some undesirable side effects such as allergy. Genetically engineered insulin is a far more efficient.

Multiple choice biology diseases and hygiene anaemia mosquito and human health non communicable diseases

Why foods derived from genetically modified crops required to be tested for possible allergic reactions in people?

  1. They may cause allergies due to release of new kind of proteins.

  2. They may not be digested.

  3. They may cause more hunger.

  4. All of the above.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The process of creating a GM crop can produce many changes in the natural functioning of the plant's genome. Native genes can be mutated, deleted, permanently turned on or off and may change their levels of protein expression. This increasing the levels of an existing protein or even producing a completely new and unknown protein within the crop can act as an allergen in consumers. Hence, foods derived from genetically modified crops are required to be tested for possible allergic reactions in people.

Multiple choice biology improvement in food resources crop variety improvement improvement if crop varieties improvement in crop variety

Technology that involves purposeful manipulation of plant species for the development of high yielding and disease-resistant varieties are______________

  1. Green revolution

  2. Plant breeding and introduction

  3. Conventional plant breeding

  4. Hybridization and mutation breeding
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

  • Hybridization is defined as the process of interbreeding between two individuals of different plant species to obtain a hybrid that contains the genes of both the parent species due to genetic recombination. 
  • The process of developing a new variety by changing the genome through X-ray or UV radiation is known as mutation breeding. It is a quick method to obtain genetic variation. 
  • These are the two techniques that can be used for the development of the plant variety which gives high yield and resistance to diseases. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

Recombinant DNA technology developed during

  1. 1970s

  2. 1980s

  3. 1990s

  4. 2000s
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
The correct option is A
rDNA technology is the way in which genetic material from one organism is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism and then replicated and expressed by other organism. It was advanced by the collaboration of stanley cohen and Herbert Boyer in $1972$.
Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

What is true of reverse genetics

  1. Gene therapy

  2. Gene replacement

  3. Identification of gene from map position

  4. Deletion of genes and studying the effect
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Reverse genetics is a method that is used to help understand the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific engineered gene sequences. Reverse genetics usually proceeds in the opposite direction of so-called forward genetic screens of classical genetics. The goal in reverse genetics is Identification of gene from map position.

So, the correct answer is 'Identification of gene from map position.'

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

"Gray biotechnology" is?

  1. Industrial process

  2. Medical process

  3. Agricultural process

  4. Aquatic process
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

White or gray biotechnolgy involves industrial processes such as the development of new chemicals or production of new fuel for vehicles.

Correct  answer-A

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

All the following statements about Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer are correct but one is wrong. Which one is wrong?

  1. They discovered recombinant DNA ( rDNA) technology which marked the birth of modern biotechnology.

  2. They first produced a healthy sheep clone, a Finn Dorset lamb, Dolly, from the differentiated adult mammary cells.

  3. They invented genetic engineering by combining a piece of foreign DNA containing a gene from a bacterium with a bacterial (E. coli) plasmid using the enzyme restriction endonuclease.

  4. They isolated the antibiotic resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid which was responsible for conferring antibiotic resistance.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

  • The recombinant DNA technology by which DNA fragments from different organisms are joined together to produce new genetic combinations was discovered by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer. 
They used restriction endonucleases to digest a plasmid from E. coli and a foreign DNA segment and ligated them to produce a recombinant DNA.
They discovered antibiotic resistance gene from a piece of DNA that was conferring resistance to the transformed cells to grow in presence of that antibiotic.
  • Dolly, a Finn Dorset lamb, was produced by gene cloning by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers.
Hence Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer are not associated with the discovery of Finn Dorset lamb Dolly.
So, the correct answer is 'They first produced, healthy sheep clone, a Finn Dorset lamb, Dolly, from the differentiated adult mammary cells'.

Multiple choice commercial studies biotechnology: general introduction introduction to genetic engineering and production of insulin use of efficient and eco-friendly technology genetics of the future

Out of the following, which is not related to biotechnology?

  1. Synthesis of a gene

  2. Correction of a gene

  3. Alternation of gene

  4. Transfer of a gene from parent to off spring
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Biotechnology deals with the techniques of using live microorganisms, plant or animal cells or their components or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to human beings. It includes DNA manipulation, gene manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, and Genetic Engineering. Synthesis of genes, correction of genes, alteration of genes are included in Genetic Engineering. 

Transfer of gene from parent to offspring is a normal way of heredity. All offsprings inherit some characters from their parents as a result of fertilization. 

Thus the correct option is 'Transfer of a gene from parent to off spring'.