Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,010 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Advancement in genetic engineering has been possible due to the discovery of 

  1. Exonucleases

  2. Endonucleases

  3. Transposons

  4. Oncogenes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is possible, because

  1. The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

  2. We can see DNA by electron microscope

  3. We can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases such as DNAase I

  4. Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses. Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; while host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme (a methyltransferase) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes form the restriction-modification system. These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

In genetic engineering, the term vector is applied for 

  1. Plasmids

  2. Active viruses

  3. Source of DNA

  4. Cell which receives DNA
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The technology that is used to make desired change on gene structure is

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Recombinant DNA technology

  3. Gene cloning

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms. 

Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. The term clone is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction. 
Recombinant DNA technology is a series of procedures that are used to join together (recombine) DNA segments. A recombinant DNA molecule is constructed from segments of two or more different DNA molecules. 

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

The first step in genetic engineering is

  1. Isolation of protein

  2. Purification of protein

  3. Isolation of genetic material

  4. Isolation of RNA
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species to produce improved or novel organisms. New DNA may be inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA, and then inserting this construct into the host organism. 

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Genetic engineering is used in

  1. Gene therapy

  2. Vaccine production

  3. Obtaining transgenic plants

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, anti haemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast or insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein. Mass quantities of the protein can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then purifying the protein. Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms
So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'
Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Which one of the following is related with genetic engineering?

  1. Plasmids

  2. Mitochondria

  3. Mutations

  4. Ribosomes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle or carrier which carries the desired gene from donor to recipient cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. The plasmid is extrachromosomal circular DNA which acts as vector DNA. The plasmid is the most important vector as it possesses multiple cloning sites, an origin of replication and a selectable marker.

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

Using recombinant DNA technology, genes from a donor cell can be inserted into a bacterium for DNA replication and protein synthesis. The kind of cells that can be used as gene donors in this technology are

  1. Bacteria only

  2. Either yeast or bacteria

  3. Eukaryotic cells only

  4. Any of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The production of a recombined bacterium using a gene from a foreign donor and the synthesis of a protein encoded by the recombinant DNA molecule. The genes used as a donor in recombinant DNA technology are commonly obtained from bacteria, yeast or any eukaryotic host organism. 

So, the correct option is 'Option D' .

Multiple choice botany breeding and biotechnology branches of biotechnology gene cloning biotechnology and genetic engineering

In genetic engineering, a DNA segment (gene) of interest is transferred to the host cell through a vector. Consider the following four agents in this regard and select the correct option about which one or more of these can be used as a vector/vectors?
(i) Bacterium
(ii) Plasmid
(iii) Plasmodium
(iv) Enzyme

  1. (ii) only

  2. (i) and (ii) only

  3. (i), (iii) and (iv)

  4. (iv) only
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In molecular cloning, a vector is a DNA molecule used as a transport to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated and expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids.

Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice evs modern agriculture agricultural practices in india different types of farming and agriculture various agricultural practices

First genetically modified plant commercially released in India is 

  1. Golden rice

  2. Flavr Savr

  3. Bt brinjal

  4. Bt cotton.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Bt cotton is the first genetically modified crop of India. This has been developed by MAHYCO (Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company) in collaboration with American company, Monsanto.

Multiple choice zoology molecular basis of inheritance genome projects human genome project human genome project and dna fingerprinting

Which of the following is an application  of human genome project?

  1. Understanding of phylogenetic disorder

  2. Improvement in gene therapy

  3. Understanding of mutation concept

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The Human Genome Project has applications in understanding genetic disorders, improving gene therapy, and studying mutations, making all the listed options valid.

Multiple choice zoology molecular basis of inheritance genome projects human genome project human genome project and dna fingerprinting

Which of the following is not an aim of human genome project?

  1. To sequence the genome of selected model organism

  2. Eliminate all disease

  3. To sequence EST fragments of cDNA in both human and mice

  4. To develop computational tool for analysing sequence information
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Human Genome Project was a 13-year-old project started by US department of energy and National Institute of Health for sequencing the Human Genome.

The main objectives of the HGP were to- 

  • Determine the sequence of 3.2 billion base pairs of Human Genome.
  • Identify all the genes of the genome and determine their functions.
  • To store this information and database.
  • This project may result in many ethical legal and social issue which needs to be addressed and solved.

 So, the correct option is 'Eliminate all disease'

Multiple choice zoology molecular basis of inheritance genome projects human genome project human genome project and dna fingerprinting

Main aim of human genome project is to

  1. Introduce new genes into human beings.

  2. Identify and sequence all the genes present in human DNA.

  3. Develop better techniques to compare two human DNAs.

  4. Remove disease causing genes from human DNA.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Human genome project was a 13- year long project involving a global, long-term research effort to identify the estimated 30,000 genes in human DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and to figure out the sequences of almost 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA. It was completed in 2003.

So, the correct option is 'Identify and sequence all the genes present in human DNA.'

Multiple choice botany know the plant world closely diversity in plants types of nutrition in plants different modes of nutrition in plants

Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the bacteria and expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for insecticides. Examples of such plants are

  1. Cotton and corn

  2. Rice and potato

  3. Tomato and soybean

  4. All of these.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Bt toxin gene has been closed from the bacteria and expressed in plants to provide resistance to insects without the need for insecticides. Examples are Bt cotton, Bt corn, rice, tomato, potato and soybean, etc.

Multiple choice evs - i food for all improved methods of agriculture receding water table water conservation and irrigation

When a natural predator (living organism) is applied on the other pathogen organisms to control them, this process is called as:

  1. Biological control

  2. Genetic engineering

  3. Artificial control

  4. Confusion technique
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Indiscriminate eradication of pests is undesirable because without them the beneficial predatory and parasitic organisms which depend upon them for food would also be eliminated. The biocontrol method of pest and pathogen control involves use of viruses, bacteria and other insects (which are their natural predators and pests).