Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Statement A is incorrect because Rosie was a transgenic cow, not a buffalo. Statement B is incorrect because restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, not for the isolation of DNA from other macromolecules (which is done via chemical extraction).

Early diagnosis of disease cannot be done by transgenic animals but through techniques such as PCR and ELISA.

Tracy is a transgenic sheep, but the term 'first transgenic animal for food production' is not the standard descriptor for her; she was designed for pharmaceutical protein production (molecular farming). However, in the context of typical exam distractors, this is the intended incorrect pair compared to the others which are standard textbook associations.

Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, althrough 95% of all existing transgenic animals are mice.

Mouse is the most preferred animal for studies on gene transfer due to many favourable features like short oestrous cycle and gestation period, relatively short generation time, production of several offspring per pregnancy, convenient in vitro fertilisation, successful culture of embryo in vitro, etc.

Transgenic mouse is larger because expression of the gene for human growth factor has been introduced into it.

Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. Such, animals are most commonly created by micro-injection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilized egg which is implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother. This results in the recipient giving birth to genetically modified offspring. 

Transformation is typically used for bacteria, while transfection refers to the introduction of foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. Transduction specifically refers to virus-mediated gene transfer.

Genetic engineering has great potential for improving the safety of plant-based foods by eliminating allergenic components. 

Answer is option A i.e. "Conversion of perishable raw material into the nonperishable food product"
Biotechnology in the food processing sector makes use of micro-organisms for the preservation of food. Food processing is a process by which perishable raw materials are converted to edible and  non-perishable foods and beverages, which have a longer shelf life.

Mice are the most commonly used laboratory animals in genetic research due to their short generation time, ease of handling, and well-mapped genome. They account for the vast majority of transgenic animal models.

Cloning technology, particularly somatic cell nuclear transfer, often results in high rates of developmental failures, birth defects, and premature aging in clones. These issues remain a significant barrier to widespread application.

Biofortification involves increasing the nutritional value of crops through breeding or genetic engineering, which is a key application of biotechnology.

A transgenic animal is defined by the stable integration of foreign DNA into its genome, which is typically achieved by injecting the DNA into the zygote, ensuring the gene is present in all cells of the resulting organism.

Pigs are frequently used in research for xenotransplantation because their organ size and physiology are relatively similar to humans, and they can be genetically modified to reduce immune rejection.