Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,033 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

A desirable change in genotype of an organism is obtained by

  1. DNA replication

  2. Protein synthesisr

  3. DNA technology

  4. mRNA formation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

DNA technology, specifically recombinant DNA technology, is the primary method used to introduce desirable changes into the genotype of an organism.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Genetic engineering is possible because

  1. We can cut DNA at specific sites by restriction endonucleases

  2. Restriction endonucleases purified from virus can be used in bacteria

  3. The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

  4. We can see DNA by electron microscope
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Genetic engineering includes the artificial synthesis, isolation, modification, combination, addition, and repair of the genetic material (DNA) to alter the phenotype of the host organism to suit human needs. It is the manipulation of genes by man in vitro. Restriction endonucleases play a major role in genetic engineering as they can cut DNA at specific sites, thus allowing manipulation or modification in its sequence.
So, the correct answer is 'We can cut DNA at specific sites by restriction endonucleases'.
Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Genetic engineering has been successfully used for producing

  1. Transgenic mice for testing safety of polio vaccine before use in humans

  2. Transgenic cow-Rosie which produces high fat milk for making ghee

  3. Animals like bulls for farm work as they have super power

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Transgenic mice are being formed for use in testing the safety of before they are used they are used on human beings. They are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine. The first transgenic cow. Rosie produced human protein enriched milk (2.4 gms per litre). The milk contained the human alphalactalbumin. It is a more balanced product for human babies than natural cow-milk. Bulls with more power are produced by animal breeding not by genetic engineering. So, the correct answer is 'Transgenic mice for testing safety of polio vaccine before use in humans'.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

It is now possible to breed plants and animals with desired characters through

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Chromosome engineering

  3. Ikebana technique

  4. Tissue culture
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. New DNA is inserted in the host genome by first isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence, or by synthesizing the DNA and then inserting this construct into the host organism. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Enzymes used in laundry detergent and medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now manufactured in GM cells, experimental GM cell lines and GM animals such as mice or zebrafish are being used for research purposes, and genetically modified crops have been commercialized.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Modified antibiotics are manufactured by the technique of

  1. Ultrafiltration

  2. Ultra centrifugation

  3. Vernalization

  4. Genetic engineering
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified. Plasmid DNA containing new genes can be inserted into the bacterial cell and the bacteria will then express those genes. These genes can code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Genetic engineering is possible because

  1. The phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood.

  2. We can see DNA by electron microscope.

  3. We can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases like DNAase I.

  4. Restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering is possible because all organisms are based on the same genetic code. DNases which act on specific positions or sequences on the DNA are called as restriction endonucleases. The sequences which are recognised by the restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes (RE) are called as recognition sequences restriction sites. These sequences are palindromic sequences. Different restriction enzymes present in different bacteria can recognize different or same restriction sites but they will cut at two different points within the restriction site. No two restriction enzymes from a single bacterium will cut at the same restriction site. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice botany biotechnology: general introduction microbiology: organisms in industry biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Which of the following is not a tool of genetic engineering?

  1. Cloning vector

  2. Restriction enzyme

  3. Foreign DNA

  4. GMO
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Genetic engineering is the process of replicating a specific set of genes from a strand of DNA. It is the process of using gene cloning and other genetic manipulation tools to achieve isolate specific genes. 

Tools for genetic engineering:
  • PCR
  • Restriction enzymes
  • Gel electrophoresis
  • DNA Ligase
  • Plasmids 
  • Transformation 
  • Transgenic organisms 
  • So, the correct option is 'Option D'.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry biochemical techniques manipulation of dna electrophoresis isolation and separation of dna

Which of the following is not a technique for introducing recombinant DNA into host cells?

  1. Infection by Agrobacterium

  2. Microinjection

  3. Electrophoresis

  4. Infection by bacteriophage
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

There are special techniques for the introduction of recombinant DNA into host cells. Microinjection, biolistics, infection by disarmed pathogens like Agrobacterium or bacteriophage are examples of such techniques. 

While electrophoresis is used for the separation of various DNA segments based on their length. 
So, the correct option is 'Electrophoresis'.

Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

Somatic gene therapy causes ___________.

  1. Changes in sperm

  2. Changes in progeny

  3. Changes in body cell

  4. Changes in ovum
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Somatic gene therapy involves the introduction of genes into the somatic cells of an individual, meaning the genetic changes affect only that patient and are not passed on to their offspring, sperm, or ova.

Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

Which of these is used as vector for gene therapy in SCID and gene cloning in higher organisms?

  1. Retrovirus

  2. Enterovirus

  3. Arbovirus

  4. Rotavirus

  5. Parvovirus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Retroviruses are frequently used as vectors in gene therapy, particularly for SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency), because they can integrate their genetic material into the host genome.

Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

Due to .......... therapy changes would be heritable.

  1. Magnetic therapy

  2. Somatic cell gene therapy

  3. Germ line gene therapy

  4. Chemotherapy
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Gene therapy is treating the diseases by modifying the gene expression or inserting the deficient gene therapeutically into the patients cells. Gene therapy is of two types, somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy.
In somatic gene therapy, gene manipulation is done in the cells which will affect the patient but it will not be inherited. In germline gene therapy, gene manipulation is done in the germ cells or the gametes that will be used to conceive. The modified germ cells will produce the gametes having the inserted gene and on fertilisation will produce a zygote that will form the individual in which each and every cell will have the manipulated gene, because every cell descendes from the zygote. Thus, the changes will be heritable.
So, the correct answer is C.
Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

Gene therapy is treatment done on

  1. Adults only

  2. Child or embryo only

  3. Pregnant mothers only

  4. Persons of any age and condition
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Gene therapy can theoretically be applied to patients of any age, although the type of therapy (somatic vs germline) and the specific condition dictate the feasibility and ethical considerations.

Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

Identify the wrong statements :


a) Genetic modifications in plants helped to reduce post-harvest losses
b) In Tobacco, cry genes are introduced against nematodes
c) In gene therapy, healthy genes are inserted into persons cells and tissues to treat diseases
d) Injustice, inadequate compensation, and benefit-sharing are related to molecular diagnosis

  1. a, b, c

  2. b, c, d

  3. a, b, d

  4. a, c, d
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Statement (b) is incorrect because cry genes are used against insects/pests, not nematodes. Statement (d) regarding injustice and benefit-sharing is related to biopiracy and ethical issues in biotechnology, not specifically molecular diagnosis.

Multiple choice zoology genetics of the future gene therapy application of biology in therapy and vaccine gene cloning

..........is the transfer of normal genes into body cells to correct a genetic defect.

  1. gene therapy

  2. gene mutation

  3. nucleic acid hybridization

  4. reverse transcription
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allow correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo. In this method, genes are inserted into a person's cells and tissues to treat a disease. Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual or embryo to take over the function of and compensate for the non-functional gene.

So, the correct option is 'gene therapy'.