Viral Diseases and Immunity

Monkey pox is caused by monkey pox virus having dsDNA. It replicates in the cytoplasm.

A positive test for latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA-1) confirms the presence of HSV-8 virus. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been identified as the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma. It expresses high levels of LANA.

HIV causes Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). As the name suggests, the immune system becomes weak in this disease. Due to this, the person falls as a prey to many other infections which can be common cold or diarrhoea. Thus, as a consequence, the person’s nervous, respiratory, muscular or any other system may be affected later on as a consequence.

Poly A plays a role both in dimerization and genome packaging since it is necessary for cleavage and polyadenilation. It has been reported that sequences upstream (U3 region) and downstream (U5 region) are needed in order to make the cleavage process efficient.

JC virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immunocompromised patients.

Correct answer. AIDS-causing HIV identifies its target cells by recognising apoproteins in the coated pits of membranes. Genetic recombination takes place during prophase of meiotic division-I. Synaptonemal complex helps in recombination during cell division.

This is not thought to be due to an infection but a relatively benign form of leukaemia in the elderly.

CMV is an example of a herpes virus.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease of the white matter of the brain, caused by JC (John Cunningham) virus infection that targets cells that make myelin - the material that insulates nerve cells (neurons).

Ebola virus was the cause of the 2013–2015 epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in at least 28,638 suspected cases and 11,315 confirmed deaths. It causes fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals.

Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus are exclusively transmitted by arthropods.

HIV virus does not belong to risk group IV human pathogens. Risk Group 4 (RG4) agents are likely to cause serious or lethal human disease for which preventive or therapeutic interventions are not usually available. HIV is a group II virus because for it, preventative or therapeutic interventions are often available.

The risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma increases in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus,  but the precise contribution of Epstein–Barr virus remains largely unknown. Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis. Both the diseases affect lymph nodes.

Cryptosporidium is a genus of apicomplexan protozoans that can cause gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea in humans. Cryptosporidium is the organism most commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea.

HIV tests detect antibodies or antigens produced by the body in response to HIV infection. A positive test result indicates HIV infection, which if left untreated can progress to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). The test identifies the virus, not the advanced disease stage.