Viral Diseases and Immunity

This is a major portal of entry, though not the only one. The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are also major portals of entry and reduce the CD4 positive helper T-cell numbers dramatically.

VZV lies dormant in sensory nerve ganglia (near the base of the nerves) for decades and re-emerges to cause shingles.

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor which HIV utilizes as a coreceptor for entry into naive CD4+ T-cells and mature dendritic cells. Another chemokine receptor, CCR5, is used particularly for entry of HIV into immature dendritic cells, macrophages and activated effector or memory CD4+ T-cells.

This is the correct option. Genital warts and chlamydiasis are completely curable if detected early and treated properly.

Viruses have completely dependent metabolism because they are obligate parasites - they cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes on their own and must hijack host cellular machinery. They have no independent metabolic capabilities and rely entirely on host cells for energy, protein synthesis, and replication. Viruses are essentially genetic material wrapped in protein, lacking their own metabolic systems.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells and is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. In common with other viral haemorrhagic fevers, the main target cells for replication are those of monocyte, macrophage lineage.

Human Immuno Deficiency Virus

Handshake or physical contact doesn't spread AIDS virus.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV is the virus, while AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection when the immune system is severely damaged. Option A is wrong because HIV and AIDS are different stages, and option B reverses the causation.

The genetic material in human immunodeficiency virus is a single-stranded RNA.

ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is commonly used to detect HIV/AIDS antibodies in blood samples. While ELISA can be adapted to detect various infectious diseases including typhoid and tuberculosis, it is most widely known and used as the initial screening test for HIV infection.

Lactobacillus plantarum can prevent diarrhea; reduce inflammation, pain and constipation in inflammatory bowel disease. It also decreases bloating and flatulence. L. plantarum produces positive effect on immunity in HIV+ children.

Apoptase is not an enzyme identified with a role in HIV infection.

The Red Ribbon is the international symbol of HIV/AIDS awareness and solidarity. Similarly, the White Ribbon Alliance promotes safe motherhood and women's health globally. The other options (A) good health, (B) green revolution, and (C) pollution free nation are not associated with white ribbon symbolism.

All the others are related to the eye.