Viral Diseases and Immunity

Macrophages are the first cells infected by HIV.

Group M HIV-1 predominates the AIDS pandemic. It is the most common type of HIV, with more than 90% of HIV/AIDS cases.

Correct answer. First viruses to be used as vectors in gene therapy experiments were retroviruses. Retroviruses are used for inserting a normal gene into the genome to replace an abnormal disease-causing gene in gene therapy of ADA deficiency, haemophilia b, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

Simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) is identified as the progenitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and has been transmitted to humans on multiple occasions. Even  then the epidemiology and genetic diversity of SIVsmm infection is unknown.

Kaposi's Sarcoma is a rare form of cancer usually found in older people. It is an aggressive form of cancer associated with HIV, and causes dark lesions on the skin and a variety of locations on the body.

When HIV enters the body, special proteins called antibodies, which are the body's response to an infection, are produced. The standard HIV test looks for antibodies in a person's blood as they indicate that the person has been infected with HIV.

PEP stands for Post Exposure Prophylaxis. This technique involves taking anti-retroviral drugs after HIV exposure in order to prevent infection. PEP should be the prevention method of last resort and should be started no later than 72 hours after exposure, and is not guaranteed to work.

A single does of nevirapine given to the mother at the onset of labour and to the baby after delivery roughly halves the rate of HIV transmission.

The SIV virus found in chimpanzees is very close to HIV. It is believed that the virus crossed species to humans.

The more CD4 cells there are in a person's blood, the stronger the immune system. A CD4 cell count below 450 indicates that the person has a weak immune system and requires antiretroviral therapy.

The most common STD transmitted through oral sex is herpes. Herpes can cause cold sores around the mouth or genital herpes sores.

Kaposi’s sarcoma is a highly vascular (angioblastic) tumour of the skin characterized by soft purplish plaques and papules.

Polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for diagnosis in all of HIV. Reverse transcriptase PCR is sensitive for viral nucleic acid (RNA). It can detect a single copy of RNA or proviral DNA from infected cells.

Opportunistic malignancies typically associated with HIV infection are Kaposi's sarcoma.

Yes, this is the correct answer. All the above are STDs. , HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another person through blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk.