Biology · General Awareness

Vaccination and Immunity

965 Questions

This hub presents questions focused on vaccination and human immunity. It covers essential topics such as herd immunity, non-specific immunity, antigens, and historical vaccine developments. These concepts are crucial for general science sections in medical and civil service exams.

Herd immunity functionsNon-specific immunitySmallpox vaccinationInterferon proteinsAntigen propertiesImmunological amnesia

Vaccination and Immunity Questions

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Cytokine barriers helps in evading 

  1. Virus

  2. Bacteria

  3. Fungi

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Innate immunity includes anatomical and physiological barriers, inflammation, complement activation, cytokine secretion, phagocytosis. Cytokines play an important role in the innate immune response. It fights directly against the virus by preventing its replication. At the same time, cytokines activates NK cells and macrophages, which produce more cytokines. Also, virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferons , which protect non-infected cells from further infection.

Thus, the correct answer is 'Virus.'

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

If a person is infected with deadly pathogen/toxin against which quick immune response is required, ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect that person based on the principle of passive immunity. Select the option that does not represent a case of passive immunity.

  1. Administration of anti-venin against snakebite

  2. Administration of anti-tetanus serum

  3. Administration of tetanus toxoid to newly born

  4. Passage of LgG across placenta from mother to foetus
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

In the case of tetanus toxoid, when it administered in a newborn, the vaccine contains detoxified tetanus toxins (which does not lose their immunogenic properties). The administration of the tetanus toxoid stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies against the toxins.
In the case of administration of anti-venin against snake bite or anti-tetanus serum the, the doses contain antibodies which go and attack their target antigens in the body. The passage of IgG across placenta also helps the fetus to fight infections directly.
So, the correct answer is ' Administration of tetanus toxoid to newly born'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Active immunity differs from passive immunity in 

  1. Used for prophylaxis to increases body resistance

  2. Immune response -short lived and less effective

  3. No immunological memory

  4. Used for treatment of acute infection
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Active immunity is the type of immunity in which antibodies are produced against a specific antigen. This type of immunity takes time in order to produce enough antibodies to fight the pathogen. This immune response is long lived and is more effective. It results in the immunological memory which remains for life time. It is used for prophylaxis to increases body resistance. Passive immunity is a type of immunity in which antibodies are obtained from outside the body. An example includes antibodies obtained from mother through the  breast milk. This immune response is short lived and less effective. It does not have any immunological memory. It is used for treatment of acute infection.

Thus, the correct answer is 'Used for prophylaxis to increases body resistance.' 

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Anti-rabies serum contains antibodies that are developed in an immunized animal. The type immunity in such an animal is 

  1. artificial active immunity

  2. artificial passive immunity

  3. natural passive immunity

  4. natural active immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease. 

So, the correct answer is "Artificial active immunity'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Why are interferons administered to cancer patients?

  1. It interferes with cancer cells and stops them growing and multiplying.

  2. It helps the cancer cell to undergo mutational changes

  3. It agglutinates antigen and antibody in the blood of patient.

  4. Both A and B
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Interferons(IFNs) are the group of signalling proteins released by the host cells in response to the entry of several pathogens, such as bacteria, virus, parasites and cancer cells. Interferons are administered to cancer patients because it interferes with cancer cells and stops them growing and multiplying. It also stimulates the immune system to encourages T killer cells and other cells to attack cancer cells.
So, the correct answer is 'It interferes with cancer cells and stops them growing and multiplying'.
Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Toxoid is included in which of the following?

  1. Natural active aquired immunity

  2. Natural passive aquired immunity

  3. Artificial active aquired immunity

  4. Artificial passive aquired immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Toxoid is a type of vaccines obtained from the toxin and are inactivated and made harmless by chemical or heat treatment. Eg- tetanus toxoid is obtained by Clostridium tetani. These vaccines provide artificial active acquired immunity. So, the correct answer is 'Artificial active acquired immunity'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Passive immunity is defined as immunity

  1. Inherited from the parents

  2. Achieved through vaccination

  3. Acquired through first exposure to the disease

  4. Achieved through the serum of other animals enrich with antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta and can also be induced artificially when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.

So, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Immunity of vaccination lasts throughtout life of which of the following?

  1. Mumps vaccine

  2. Measles vaccine

  3. Small pox vaccine

  4. Cholera vaccine

  5. Both A and B
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

Live, attenuated vaccines contain a living microbe that has been weakened in the lab so it cannot cause disease. Because a live, attenuated vaccine is the closest thing to a natural infection, these vaccines elicit strong cellular and antibody responses and often confer lifelong immunity with only one or two doses. Vaccines against measles, mumps, and chickenpox, for example, are made by this method. 

So, the correct answer is option E.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Vaccination develops

  1. Natural immunity

  2. Acquired immunity

  3. Both A and B

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

A vaccine is the killed or live suspension of microorganism which helps to activate the immune response. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it and keep a record of it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.

So, the correct answer is option B.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

A non-specific immunity is

  1. Passive immunity

  2. Active immunity

  3. Auto immunity

  4. Innate immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Innate immunity refers to non-specific defense mechanisms that are present in the human body by birth to protect against the antigen. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.

So, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Identify the incorrect statement about antibodies.

  1. Antibodies are produced by different combinations of soluble proteins in the blood called complement.

  2. When antibodies bind to a bacterial cell, it may keep that cell from adhering to host cells.

  3. The specific receptors on T cells that would interact with a specific antigen are the same shape as antibodies that will interact with that antigen.

  4. By binding to antigens, antibodies mark those antigens for destruction by macrophages.

  5. By binding to an invader, antibodies attract proteins that lyse the target membrane.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Antibodies are produced by different combinations of soluble proteins in the blood called complement. These are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.
Antibodies recognize specific antigens by identifying certain areas on the surface of the antigen known as antigenic determinants. Once the specific antigenic determinant is recognized, the antibody will bind to the determinant. The antigen is tagged as an intruder and labeled for destruction by other immune cells.
So, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Which of the following body defense mechanism traps, engulfs and sweeps disease-causing agents towards the body openings?

  1. Body secretions

  2. Enzymes and compounds in the blood

  3. Mucous membrane

  4. Immune system
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

. The mucous membrane is the epithelial tissue which lines several organs and secretes mucus. It stops pathogens and dirt from entering the body and to prevent bodily tissues by pushing disease causing agents towards body opening, it also prevents organs from  dehydration


So, the correct answer is 'Mucous membrane'

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

A quick immune response that often eliminates the infection or keeps it in check until a specific acquired immune response can develop is called

  1. A nonspecific response, including macrophages and other nonspecific white blood cells.

  2. Acquired immunity, which develops after antibodies bind to specific antigens.

  3. The cell-mediated response in which T cells bind to antigen presenting cells (APCs).

  4. The humoral response where B cells that develop in the bone marrow produce plasma B cells.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Innate immune system is quick and non specific, it is the 1$^{st}$ immediate response of the body on infection. It is also referred to as primary response that would eliminate certain number of pathogens keeping the infection in check. 

So, the correct answer is 'A nonspecific response, including macrophages and other nonspecific white blood cells'


Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Which one of the following is devoid of macrophages?

  1. Lymph nodes

  2. Connective tissue

  3. Lungs

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

A. The lymph node is in the form of fibres called reticulum with white blood cells attached to it,  lymph sinus is lined by reticular cells and macrophages.

B. Macrophages are derived from monocytes (WBCs) and found in the connective tissue such as blood the bloodstream and they mature into macrophages as they leave the bloodstream.
C. Macrophage in the lungs are called alveolar macrophages or dust cell and clears the air spaces from infectious and toxic particles that have entered the body.
So the correct answer is 'None of the above'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Passive immunity is provided through

  1. Exogenous supply of antigens

  2. Exogenous supply of antibodies

  3. Endogenous supply of antigens

  4. Endogenous supply of antibodies
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies (exogenous). Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies. Passive immunization can be provided when people cannot synthesize antibodies, and when they have been exposed to a disease against which a person is not immunized.

So, the correct answer is 'Exogenous supply of antibodies'.