Vaccination and Immunity

BCG vaccine provides immunity or protection against tuberculosis (TB). The vaccine may be given to persons at high risk of developing TB. When used to protect against TB, it is injected into the skin. 

Chemoprophylaxis is the method of administrating medicines for preventing disease. It is also called as Chemoprevention. Tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis is used to prevent the infection or it is also used to avoid development of disease in a person who is having latent TB. Isoniazid drug is most commonly given as a preventive measure. 

BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis as a preventive measure. Isoniazid is an antibiotic used as a first-line agent for the prevention and treatment of both latent and active tuberculosis. Ethambutol is used to treat active TB infection along with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. 

• Adenosine deaminase enzymes is crucial for the immune system to function and its absence is caused by the deletion of a gene. It is cured by the gene therapy.
  
• Insulin consists of chain A and chain B that are linked together by disulphide bridges. 
  
•  Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of the polio vaccine.
  
• RNAi involves silencing of a specific mRNA due to a complementary dsRNA molecule that binds to and prevents translation of the mRNA. 
  

Inoculation is the process of introducing a pathogen or antigen (like a vaccine) into a living organism to stimulate the immune system. Vaccination is the broader term for the act of receiving the vaccine, but inoculation specifically refers to the introduction via injection.

Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk. Immunoglobulins are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms.

The thymus gland is a lobular structure located between the lungs behind sternum on the ventral side of the aorta. The thymus plays a major role in the development of the immune system.
 Thymosins play a major role in the differentiation of T-lymphocytes, which provide cell-mediated immunity. In addition, thymosins also promote the production of antibodies to provide humoral immunity. 
 the immune responses of old persons become weak because Thymus is degenerated in old individuals resulting in a decreased production of thymosins.
So, the correct option is 'Both A and B'.

Interleukin are small proteins that are produced by a variety of cell types, especially T cells and other white blood cells, that regulate many aspects of inflammation and the immune response, including stimulating the production of white blood cells and platelets. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4 T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and hematopoietic cells. Interleukin may be used to combat some forms of cancer.

The first generation vaccines consist of live attenuated/ heat killed vaccines in which whole organisms in the weakened live form or heat killed form are injected. Sevcond generation vaccines are those vaccines in which the whole organism is not given. Instead of this a portion called the subunit, which may contain a protein section of the pathogen is given. Third generation vaccines are those in which recombinant techniques are used for the production of vaccines. In this technique DNA encoding the antigen is inserted into a vector which will be recognised as a pathogen in the host. Such that the host immune system generates an immune response against the vector and thereby the antigen. So, the correct answer is 'Third generation vaccines'.

They are three types of vaccines on basis of organism or its part used as antigen.

Smallpox vaccine is produced from the artificially attenuated smallpox virus. The administration of this vaccine ios called as vaccination against smallpox. As on administration of this vaccine, our body develops immunity against the particular virus.

Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of specific antigens without using the whole pathogen, which is the most modern and safe technique.

• Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B.
•  The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. 
• The vaccine is given by injection into a muscle. Serious side effects of the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon. Pain may occur at the site of injection.
•  The current vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques.
• Hence, the Hepatitis B vaccine is Recombinant antigen vaccine.
•   So, the correct answer is 'Recombinant antigen vaccine'.

BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette Guerin, a vaccine given for protection against tuberculosis (T.B.) which is an airborne disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.