Biology · General Awareness

Vaccination and Immunity

965 Questions

This hub presents questions focused on vaccination and human immunity. It covers essential topics such as herd immunity, non-specific immunity, antigens, and historical vaccine developments. These concepts are crucial for general science sections in medical and civil service exams.

Herd immunity functionsNon-specific immunitySmallpox vaccinationInterferon proteinsAntigen propertiesImmunological amnesia

Vaccination and Immunity Questions

Multiple choice zoology diseases and immunity active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

When antibodies, extracted from other animals are injected into your body, what kind of immunity do you gain?

  1. Artificially active acquired immunity

  2. Artificially passive acquired immunity

  3. Naturally active acquired immunity

  4. Naturally passive acquired immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

When pre-formed antibodies extracted from an external animal or human source are injected into a body to provide immediate protection, it is classified as passive immunity. Since this protection is introduced by medical intervention rather than natural exposure, it is artificially acquired passive immunity.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

Character(s) of acquired immunity is (are) :-

  1. Differentiation between self and non-self

  2. Specificity of antigen

  3. Retains memory

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Acquired immunity is developed after birth. It is produced after getting exposed to antigens hence it is specific in nature. Acquired immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen.

Acquired immunity relies on the capacity of immune cells to distinguish between the body's own cells and unwanted invaders. The host's cells express "self" antigens. These antigens are different from those on the surface of bacteria or on the surface of virus-infected host cells ("non-self" or "foreign" antigens).
So, the correct option is 'All of the above'.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

Cell-mediated immunity protects the body by

  1. Eliminating viruses before they are able to infect body cells.

  2. Secreting granules that will destroy bacteria.

  3. Destroying virus-infected cells by secreting specific antibodies.

  4. Destroying virus-infected cells via antigen-specific binding.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T-lymphocytes, which do not secrete free antibodies. Instead, cytotoxic T cells identify and destroy virus-infected host cells and tumor cells via direct antigen-specific receptor binding.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

______ immunity is divided as natural and artificial acquired immunity.

  1. Adaptive

  2. Responsive

  3. Innate

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced. 'Naturally acquired immunity' occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, whereas 'artificially acquired immunity' develops only through deliberate actions such as vaccination.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

............... is/are the characteristic/s of acquired immunity 

  1. Specificity of antigen

  2. Difference between self and non-self

  3. Memory retention

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Acquired immunity or adaptive immunity develops following exposure to an antigen and is mediated by B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes or both, having a specific surface receptor for the same antigen.
Following are the characteristics of acquired immunity:

  • Diversity: They can respond to millions of different antigens.
  • Antibody specificity: Ability of the antibody to recognize the specific antigen (even antigen molecule differing by a single amino acid). The response is directed only towards the initiated pathogen.
  • Immunologic memory: Once recognized and responded to an antigen, the system is able to respond more strongly to subsequent exposure even after many years.
  • Discrimination between self and non-self: It can differentiate self-cells (host cells) from foreign cells and molecules. Only foreign particles are attacked. Failure of this discrimination results in auto-immune diseases.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups active and passive immunity acquired immunity innate and acquired immunity

A molecule that produces an immune response is

  1. Antigen

  2. Antibody

  3. Carcinogen

  4. Mutagen
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

An antigen is a foreign substance which produces an immune response and is specifically bound to antibodies. Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it, this allows a precise identification or matching of the antigen. Antigens are usually proteins, peptides and polysaccharides which elicit an immune response.

So, the correct answer is 'Antigen'.

Multiple choice biology aids to health immunization, treatment and antibiotics antibodies and antitoxin prevention and treatment of disease

Antivenom injections used for treating snake bite are prepared at

  1. IVRI, Bareilly

  2. NDRI, Kamal

  3. Haffkine Research Institute, Mumbai

  4. IARI, New Delhi
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Antivenin or anti-snake venom serum is the only drug that can neutralise the snake venom and the victim. It should be injected soon after the bite. They are prepared by immunising horses and mules against the venoms of various types of venomous snakes. These antivenins are prepared in India at Haffkine Institute, Mumbai and Central Research Institute, Kasauli.
So, the correct answer is option C.

Multiple choice biology aids to health immunization, treatment and antibiotics antibodies and antitoxin prevention and treatment of disease

Which of the following was used by Alexander Flemming to prepare an antibiotic to kill bacteria?

  1. Rhizopus

  2. Yeast

  3. Mushroom

  4. Penicillium notatum
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Penicillin is an antibiotic or the drug produced by the fungal species Penicillium notatum. The antibiotic is very useful in the treatment of the infections caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. This antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Flemming. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Multiple choice microbiology: organisms in industry option b: biotechnology and bioinformatics biology
How many statements are wrong?

  1. Colostrum is recommended for the new born, because it is rich in antigen.

  2. Chikungunya is caused by a gram negative bacterium,

  3. Tissue culture has proved useful in obtaining virus-free plants.

  4. Beer is manufactured by distillation of fermented grape juice.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A,B,D Correct answer
Explanation

Answer is "Three". The correct form of incorrect statements are:
Colostrum is rich in antibodies especially IgA.
Chikungunya is caused alphavirus and not bacteria.
In the fermentation process, beer is obtained from barley while wine is obtained from grapes.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry diseases and immunity antibodies antibodies and antitoxin antigen and antibody

People administered with preformed antibodies get

  1. active immunity

  2. innate immunity

  3. natural immunity

  4. passive immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead to illness and infection. The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease.  antibodies can activate a group of proteins called complement that are also part of the immune system. Complement assists in killing bacteria, viruses, or infected cells. All of these specialized cells and parts of the immune system offer the body protection against disease. This protection is called immunity.

So the correct option is 'active immunity'.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry diseases and immunity antibodies antibodies and antitoxin antigen and antibody

Protein released by the host cell in response to attack by a virus is known as 

  1. Antibody

  2. Antigen

  3. Interferon

  4. Immunoglobulin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are large proteins. They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target called an antigen. It is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Antibody is produced by plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B-cell receptor (BCR). 

So the correct option is 'Antibody'

Multiple choice bio-chemistry diseases and immunity antibodies antibodies and antitoxin antigen and antibody

Allergens are 

  1. Infectious and increased secretion of IgE

  2. Non- infectious and increased secretions of IgE

  3. Infectious and increased secretion of IgG

  4. Non- infectious and increased secretion of IgM
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
An allergen is a usually harmless substance capable of triggering a response that starts in the immune system and results in an allergic reaction. 
IgE is an immunoglobulin that plays a central role in acute allergic reactions and chronic inflammatory allergic diseases.
Human allergy is caused by a limited number of inhaled small-protein allergens that reproducibly elicit IgE production in susceptible individuals.
So the answer is option B '  Non- infectious and increased secretions of IgE'. 
Multiple choice bio-chemistry diseases and immunity antibodies antibodies and antitoxin antigen and antibody

Select the correct statement with respect to diseases and immunisation.

  1. If due to some reason B and T-Lymphocytes are damaged, the body will not produce antibodies against a pathogen.

  2. Injection of dead or inactivated pathogens causes passive immunity.

  3. Certain protozoans have been used to mass produce hepatitis B vaccine.

  4. Injection of snake antivenom against snake bite is an example of active immunisation.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Clone of B-cells is called as plasma cells which produce antibodies. Helper T-cells secrete IL-2 (interleukin-2) which stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. For example iInjection of snake antivenom against snake bite that provides artificially acquired passive immunity. Thus, the correct answer is option A.