Biology · General Awareness

Vaccination and Immunity

965 Questions

This hub presents questions focused on vaccination and human immunity. It covers essential topics such as herd immunity, non-specific immunity, antigens, and historical vaccine developments. These concepts are crucial for general science sections in medical and civil service exams.

Herd immunity functionsNon-specific immunitySmallpox vaccinationInterferon proteinsAntigen propertiesImmunological amnesia

Vaccination and Immunity Questions

Multiple choice biology classification and variation dna - history and structure biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

.......... is an antiviral substance produced by animals in response to viral infection.

  1. Antigen

  2. Repressor protein

  3. Antivirin

  4. Interferon
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
  • When the immune system is activated due to the viral infection or other immune response the white blood cells in our body produces Interferons (are a group of proteins called cytokines).Interferons suppress the viral multiplication.
  • The name of the interferons comes from their ability to interfere with the production of new virus particles. Interferons do not directly kill viral or cancerous cells; they boost the immune system response and reduce the growth of cancer cells by regulating the activity of several genes that control the secretion of numerous cellular proteins that affect growth.
  • Hence Interferon is an antiviral substance produced by animals in response to viral infection'.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Interferon'.
Multiple choice biology classification and variation dna - history and structure biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Interferons are produced in response to antigens

  1. True

  2. False
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Interferon was named for its ability to interfere with viral proliferation. The various forms of interferon are the body’s most rapidly produced and important defense against viruses. Interferons can also combat bacterial and parasitic infections, inhibit cell division, and promote or impede the differentiation of cells. They are produced by all vertebrate animals and possibly by some invertebrates as well.

Interferons are categorized as cytokines, small proteins that are involved in intercellular signaling. Interferon is secreted by cells in response to stimulation by a virus or other foreign substance, but it does not directly inhibit the virus’s multiplication. Rather, it stimulates the infected cells and those nearby to produce proteins that prevent the virus from replicating within them.

So, the correct option is 'False'.

Multiple choice animal diseases economic importance of bacteria and fungi bacteria keeping diseases away biology

Example of bioweapon ___________.

  1. Anthrax

  2. Cholera

  3. Plague

  4. Ebola

  5. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

Example of Bioweapon_


(1) Anthrax:-  It is caused by a spore-forming bacterium. It mainly affects animals. Humans can become infected through contact with an infected animal or by inhaling spores.

(2) Cholera:- A bacteria disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration usually spread in water.

(3) Plague:-  The bubonic plague is caused by the disease yersinia pestis. It can spread through contact with infected fleas.

(4) Ebola:-   A virus that causes severe bleeding, organ failure and can lead to death. The human may spread the virus to other humans through contact with bodily fluids such as blood.

Multiple choice animal diseases economic importance of bacteria and fungi bacteria keeping diseases away biology

The nurse is teaching a disaster preparedness class to healthcare workers. Which of the following infectious diseases is suspected as a probable biological weapon?

  1. Chicken pox

  2. Botulism

  3. Flu

  4. Cholera
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Botulism, caused by the toxin of Clostridium botulinum, is classified as a Category A bioterrorism agent by the CDC due to its high mortality rate and potential for mass impact.

Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

IgE antibodies are known as cytotropic antibodies because

  1. They are fixed on mast cell and basophils.

  2. They are fixed on eosinophils.

  3. They are fixed on neutrophils.

  4. None of the above.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

IgE antibodies are called cytotropic because they have a high affinity for receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils.

Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Arrange the given statement in the correct order according to type II hypersensitivity reactions.
a) IgG or IgM antibodies react with the antigen on the surface of cells.
b) Opsonization and phagocytosis. 
c) Activation of the complement cascade.
d) Cell death and lysis.

  1. a,b,c,d

  2. a,c,b,d

  3. a,d,c,b

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

In Type II hypersensitivity, antibodies bind to the cell surface (a), which then activates the complement cascade (c), leading to opsonization and phagocytosis (b), and finally cell death (d).

Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Which of the following cell releases a hydrolytic enzyme during type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

  1. Macrophages

  2. T killer cells

  3. T helper cells

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Type IV hypersensitivity Is a type of cell-mediated response. CD4+ helper T cells recognize antigen in a complex with major histocompatibility complex  Class II. The antigen-presenting cells are macrophages that secrete IL-12, which stimulates the proliferation of further CD4+ Th cells which secrete IL-2 and interferon gamma. This further inducing the release of other Th cytokines, thus mediating the immune response. Activated CD8+ T cells kill target cells on contact, whereas activated macrophages produce hydrolytic enzymes. Thus the correct answer is option A. 
Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Which of the following step is not a part of hypersensitivity type IV reaction?

  1. Sensitization

  2. Antigen presentation

  3. Phagocytosis

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Type IV hypersensitivity is cell-mediated (T-cells) and does not involve antibody-mediated phagocytosis or classical antigen presentation in the same way as humoral responses.

Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Which of the following cell first move to the site in type Iv hypersensitivity reaction?

  1. T helper

  2. T killer cell

  3. Monocytes

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

In Type IV hypersensitivity, sensitized T-helper cells (specifically Th1 cells) are the first to arrive at the site and release lymphokines to recruit other cells.

Multiple choice zoology allergy immunity related disorders and problems antibody production and vaccination biotechnology

Anaphylactic shock is 

  1. Mild local reaction to an allergen

  2. Severe local reaction

  3. Mild general reaction to an allergen

  4. Severe reaction of the whole body
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Anaphylaxis, also known as anaphylactic shock is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death. It typically causes an itchy rash, throat or tongue swelling, shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods, and medications.  The mechanism involves the release of mediators from certain types of white blood cells triggered by either immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms.

So, the correct answer is 'Severe reaction of the whole body'.