Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Neo-Darwinism, Theory of evolution that represents a synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory in terms of natural selection and modern population genetics. The term was first used after 1896 to describe the theories of August Weismann (18341914), who asserted that his germ-plasm theory made impossible the inheritance of acquired characteristics and supported natural selection as the only major process that would account for biological evolution. A few supporters of neo darwinism are Romanes, Wallace, Fisher, Huxley, Ford, Haldane, Sewall Wright, Ernst Haeckel, August Weismann, Herbert Spencer and Hugo de Vries etc. 

Mutations are sudden changes in the characteristics of organisms due to chemical changes in the genetic material. The theory of mutation was proposed by Hugo De Vries. Charles Darwin gave the theory of natural selection and Neo-Darwinism is an advanced version of darwins theory.

The term mutation was introduced by Hugo de Vries, while working on evening primrose. He observed aberrent types in $F _1$ generation of two pure breeding varieties. The sudden appearance of new characters was termed as mutation, which he defined as sudden, discontinuous, inheritable changes in genetic material. 

a) Theory of evolution was given by De Vries in 1901 which states that evolution is a process where new species are formed due to mutations that functions as a raw material for evolution.

Hugo de Vries gave mutation theory and felt the importance of chance events i.e., mutations during evolution. This was against Darwinian view of evolution as a slow directional process. Mutations are random chance events and result in sudden evolution of characters in a single or few generations.

Hugo de Vries, a Dutch Botanist formulated the Mutation theory. According to him, "new species are not formed by continuous variations but by the sudden appearance of variations", which he named as variations. He stated that mutations are heritable and persisted in successive generations.

Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory .He worked on a flowered evening primrose, he observed the sudden appearance of several expressions

De Vries gave his mutation theory on organic evolution while working on Oenothera lamarckiana. Oenothera lamarckiana is an annual plant commonly called as evening primose. De Vries in his experiment observed that original plant showed some offsprings with different phenotypes. These mutations were passed from offsprings to their progeny. However, late it was observed that the variations were due to chromosomal segregations and not due to mutations.

• Hooke's reputation in the history of biology largely rests on his book Micrographia, published in 1665. 
• Micrographia contains some physiological descriptions of Minute Bodies made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries through various lenses.
  
• On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.
• Hugo Marie de Vries was a Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists.
• He is known chiefly for suggesting the concept of genes, rediscovering the laws of heredity in the 1890s while unaware of Gregor Mendel's work, for introducing the term "mutation", and for developing a mutation theory of evolution.
• A swan neck flask is a particular shape of plastic or glass tube leading into a test tube or other vessel.
• The "swan neck" significantly slows down the motion of air through the tube, and particles in the air, such as bacteria, become trapped on moisture on its inner surfaces. Louis Pasteur used  Swan-necked flask experiment for supporting the idea of the germ theory of disease.
• So, the correct answer is 'A- 4, B- 3, C- 1, D- 2'.

Variation was first explained by Hugo De Vries in 1901 while studying evening primrose species. He suggested that species are not formed by continuous changes but with sudden changes called mutation. Thus, the correct answer is 'De Vries.'

1. The work of Thomas Malthus 'Principle of population' inspired Darwin's study of evolution.
   2. Paul Kammarer studied the pattern of inheritance on Proteus anguimia, commonly called 'The midwife toad'.
   3. Hugo de Vries brought forward the idea of mutations after his Workin on Oenothera lamarckiana (evening primose).
   4. Bernard kettleweli studies industrial melanisation on Biston betularia.
   So, the correct option is 'All are correct'.

In 1809, Lamarck concluded that all living beings are formed of cells. Living substance was first observed by Corti in 1772 and was named sarcode by Dujardin in 1835. Dutrochet believed in the individuality of cells, i.e., living organisms are made up of a number of individual cells.

Schleiden and Schwann presented a cell theory which proposed that each cell is itself is an organism which has all attributes of life. Each cell is living its individual life as well as the as a group of tissue which has become an integral part of plant. So Schleiden while observing plant cells discovered this double life of each cell. So option A is correct.

Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer who created the Z3 in 1941, which is recognized as the first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer.