Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

• Coenzymes are small organic molecules that can be loosely or tightly bound to an enzyme. 
• Tightly bound coenzymes can be called as prosthetic groups. Coenzymes were discovered by Fritz Lipmann. 
• His work on the coenzyme was awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1953, for his discovery of coenzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism. 
  Hence, option B is the answer.

Biocatalysts were found accidentally in yeast extract by Buchner in 1897. He prepared a yeast extract and added sugar solution to it. After sometime he noticed the alcohol formation in the extract which was a sign of fermentation which took in presence of enzyme. Later on, Sumner crystallized an enzyme known as urease and reported that all enzymes are protein.

Sir Archibald Garrod proposed that one enzyme is encoded by one gene. This hypothesis called One gene One enzyme hypothesis, was experimentally proved by Beadle and Tatum by using bread mould Neurospora. Beadle and Tatum showed bread mould mutants that were unable to make specific amino acids. In each one, a mutation had disrupted an enzyme needed to build a certain amino acid. This was caused due to specific gene mutation.

The British scientist, John Dalton proposed the Law of Multiple Proportion.

John Dalton discovered the law of multiple proportion.

The law of the multiple proportion was proposed by Dalton.
Law of multiple proportions, statement that when two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.

The parathyroid gland was first discovered in 1852 during the autopsy of an Indian rhinoceros by Sir Richard Owen.

Henry Ford is one of those rare entrepreneurs who revolutionized the way people live. Many historians of the American industry rank him as the most important inventor of the 20th century. His automobile not only altered transportation but changed the American factory system. In 1896, Ford met Thomas Edison, who was intrigued by his designs and helped put Ford in contact with interested investors. Ford left Edison Illuminating in 1899 to become superintendent of the Detroit Automobile Company, allowing him to devote his full attention to designing cars. 

Gregory Goodwin Pincus was an American biologist and researcher who co-invented the combined oral contraceptive pill in 1951.

Mercury barometer was invented by scientist Evangelist Torricelli

Colossus, the first electronic digital programmable computer, was indeed developed at Bletchley Park in the UK during WWII and kept secret for decades.

The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. 

Glycolysis takes place in the liquid part of the cytoplasm i.e. cytosol. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. 

So the correct option is 'Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas.'

Sir Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito and led to the realization, that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. He received the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his work on malaria.