Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Sir Ronald Ross was a British medical doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria.  While dissecting the stomach tissue of an Anopheles mosquito fed four days previously on a malaria patient, he found the oocysts (a cyst containing a zygote formed by the malaria parasite) and went on to prove the role of Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans. 

The concept of antiparticle was first introduced theoretically by Paul Dirac in $1930$.

Benjamin Franklin Invented Bifocal spectacle in 1760. Benjamin Franklin's had poor vision and needed glasses to read. He got tired of constantly taking them off and putting them back on, so he decided to figure out a way to make his glasses let him see both near and far. He had two pairs of spectacles cut in half and put half of each lens in a single frame. Today, we call them bifocals.

The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. A  printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

The water frame is the name given to a water-powered spinning frame which was an easy way to create cotton thread. The first time the machine was used in 1768. It was able to spin 128 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before. It was developed by Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1767.

The chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is based on proton gradient. The chemiosmotic hypothesis was explained by P. Mitchell in 1961. He recieved noble prize for it in 1978. ATP synthesis is linked to the development of a proton gradient across the membrane of the thylakoid of chloroplast and proton accumulation is towards the inside of the membrane i.e. in the lumen. 

ATP was discovered by Karl Lohman. ATP is the energy currency of our cell. It is formed as a result of phosphorylation.

Biodiversity is the term popularised by the sociobiologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.  

In agroecosystems, biodiversity performs a variety of ecological services beyond the production of food, including recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes, suppressions of undesirable organisms and detoxification of noxious chemicals.

It is a theory that entails about the conditions of ecosystem wherein a significant loss of a certain species affects the functions and diversity of an ecological community. This hypothesis was given by Paul Ehrlich who used an airplane to explain ecosystem and the passengers as the rivet in the ecosystem. If certain biological areas lose several important species it can lead to a total collapse of ecosystem functions, thus this hypothesis presupposed that communities consist of relatively specialized species with limited ability to compensate each other thereby the vanished of a certain species are important to the performance of the ecosystem. The rate of species loss affects the entire function of ecological unit.  Rivet hypothesis asserts that each species losses to an ecological unit can decrease ecosystem functions although the decrease is rather slow as more species are eliminated. In this depiction any loss of diversity is clearly noticeable. 

Rivet hypothesis was given by Paul Ehrlich. It states that loss of many species in an ecological unit decreases ecosystem functioning. 

Jared Diamond, a biologist coined the phrase 'evil quartet' to explain the four main human-induced causes of extinction which were habitat degradation, fragmentation, the introduction of exotic species and over-harvesting. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Paul Ehrlich, an ecologist, gave the rivet popper hypothesis. The hypothesis explains the important role played by each species in an ecosystem. It compares the ecosystem with an airplane and says if you keep popping rivets (species), the plane will no longer fly. It also explains the role of different species in an ecosystem.

The crossing between genetically different plants to produce a new variety is called as hybridization. Genetically modified crops can be produced by insertion of genes with desired traits by the process of hybridization. The first natural hybridization was recorded by Cotton Mather. This was observed and documented in corn in the year 1716.