Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

The mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc^2 was developed by Albert Einstein as part of his theory of special relativity in 1905. Newton is known for laws of motion, and Archimedes for buoyancy.

James Gosling at Sun Microsystems led the Java language project in the early 1990s. The other options are incorrect: Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine in the 1800s, Bill Gates founded Microsoft, and B. Surendranath Reddy is not associated with Java's development.

Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium in 1898 while researching the mineral pitchblende. They shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on radioactivity.

John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in 1803. The Rutherford model was proposed in 1911, and the Bohr model in 1913. Therefore, the Dalton model was published significantly earlier than the others.

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) in memory of Alfred Nobel. Unlike the original Nobel Prizes, it was not created by Alfred Nobel's will. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the laureates.

Marie and Pierre Curie shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 for their research on radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel. Marie Curie later won a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911, becoming the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.

Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, created the Z3 in 1941, which was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. He also developed Plankalkül, the first high-level programming language, for his machines. Babbage designed mechanical computers but lacked a modern 'language'.

Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe (note: Patrick, not Patric) developed the in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique that led to the birth of Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, in 1978. Their combined work makes 'Both' the correct answer.

Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope in 1931. Ruska was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this achievement. Leeuwenhoek is known for early light microscopes, and Millikan is famous for the oil-drop experiment measuring electron charge.

Thomas Alva Edison founded the General Electric Company (GE) in 1892 through the merger of his Edison General Electric Company with Thomson-Houston Electric Company. Alexander Graham Bell was involved with AT&T, Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine, and John D. Rockefeller was in oil.

All three individuals - Ludwig van Beethoven (classical composer), Foxy Brown (rapper), and Thomas Edison (inventor) - experienced significant hearing loss or deafness during their lives. Beethoven composed some of his greatest works while deaf, Foxy Brown documented her hearing loss, and Edison was hard of hearing in his later years, showing how this condition transcends different eras and professions.

Thomas Alva Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, becoming the first device to record and reproduce sound. Farnsworth invented television, Franklin discovered electricity principles, Galileo was an astronomer. The phonograph was Edison's breakthrough invention.

Galileo Galilei invented the thermoscope, an early prototype of the thermometer, around 1593. His device used the expansion and contraction of air to show temperature changes. James Gregory was a mathematician/astronomer, Benjamin Franklin was a statesman/scientist who studied electricity, and Robert Hutchings Goddard was a rocket pioneer.

Thomas Alva Edison invented the electric light bulb in 1879 and patented it in 1880. The steam engine was developed by Newcomen and later improved by Watt, the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey, and the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Martin Cooper, working at Motorola, led the team that developed the first handheld mobile phone and made the first public call in 1973. He is widely recognized as the father of mobile phone telephony. Bell invented the telephone, Edison the light bulb, and Jobs was much later.