Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

The term atomic age is coined by William L. Laurence.  It is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II. 

Henry Ford adopted the concept of an assembly line to produce automobiles. He realised that the ‘assembly line’ method would allow a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. 

Temin and Baltimore discovered reverse transcriptase or RNA dependent DNA polymerase at the same time but independently of each other. For their discovery of the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase, Howard Temin and David Baltimore shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Temin discovered reverse transcriptase in Rous sarcoma virus. Baltimore arrived at the same discovery through his studies on replication of RNA containing viruses starting with poliovirus and then moving to vesicular stomatitis virus where he discovered a virion RNA polymerase. 

Central dogma represents the sequential process of gene expression via four steps. Accordingly, the genetic information present in sequence of deoxyribonucleotides is transcribed into sequence of ribonucleotides in RNA which in turn serve as template to a polypeptide. The genetic information of DNA is self replicated via DNA replication where parent strand serves as template for synthesis of new DNA strands. Thus, transcription uses DNA strand template while translation uses RNA as template. But it is not always a linear process and can go upside down since reverse transcriptase enzyme synthesize DNA using RNA as template. It was first shown by Temin and Baltimore.

Reverse transcription, the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template, was independently discovered by Howard Temin and David Baltimore in 1970.

The Central Dogma of molecular biology, describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, was proposed by Francis Crick.

Arthur Kornberg purified and characterized DNA polymerase from E. coli cells which is encoded by the polA gene. It catalyzes phosphoryl group transfer. The 3-hydroxyl group of the nucleotide at the 3' end of the growing strand serve as nucleophile for nucleophilic attack at the $\alpha$ phosphorus of the incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate. Inorganic pyrophosphate is released in the reaction. 

Emil von Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his discovery of serum therapy for diphtheria. He and Shibasaburo Kitasato showed that serum from rabbits immunized with tetanus toxin could prevent tetanus in rabbits. Erlich's work demonstrating that increasing doses of bacterial toxins could provide immunity against lethal doses of toxin was the basis for the serum therapy findings. His work also led to the concepts of active and passive immunization, and to his Nobel Prize in 1908 awarded for establishing the field of humoral immunity. It is fitting to highlight Erlich's contribution to the initial conception of passive immunization in 2015, the 100 year anniversary of his death.

Alexis Carrel won noble prize for his research in organ transplantation in the year 1912. He's also considered as father of organ transplantation and vascular anastomosis.

Newton has given the theory that light is made of tiny particles. In 1678, Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of light, and therefore formulated a way of visualizing wave propagation. This known as 'Huygens' Principle'. 

Huygens believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of  the light travels. This is known as 'Huygens' Principle'.  According to this theory, light waves are spherical, and these wave surfaces advance or spread out as they travel at the speed of light. This theory explains why light shining through a pin hole or slit will spread out rather than going in a straight line.

Kernplasm theory was proposed by O. Hertwig. According to the theory, during the life period of a cell, a constant ratio exist between cytoplasmic and nuclear masses and this maintains equilibrium between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

The terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm were given by Strasburger in 1882. Cytoplasm is the bulk of protoplasm excluding nucleus and vacuoles. Cytoplasm is differentiated into a cytoplasmic matrix, cell organelles and cell inclusions. Nucleoplasm or nuclear sap or karyolymph or karyoplasma is a colloidal complex that fills the nucleus. Nucleoplasm contains the raw materials for the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

• Cytoplasm refers to the living the material or the protoplast within a cell excluding the nucleus.
  
• The term cytoplasm was coined by Eduard Strasburger in the year 1882.
• So, the correct answer is 'Strasburger'.