Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Joseph Priestley discovered that plants produce oxygen.
Jean Senebier discovered that the source of this carbon is carbon dioxide. 
Sachs discovered that starch grains are produced in plant leaves and  these are the first visible product of the process of photosynthesis. 
Jan Ingenhousz discovered that light plays a major role in photosynthesis. 

The correcr answer is ' Sachs ' . Sachs stated that green parts in the plants produces glucose which is later stored as starch and this starch is the first visible product of photosynthesis . in 1865 Sachs proved that chlorophyll was confined to special bodies only , which was later termed as Chloroplasts .

Charles Darwin and Francis showed  the presence of the phototropic stimulus at the tip of the plant and that the apical region communicates with the cell of elongation zone. The Danish plant physiologist Boysen-Jensen experimentally showed that the apex cells communicate with the the cell of elongation zone via chemical passing down from the tip of the coleoptile. Lamarck gave the theory of inheritance of acquired characters that explains evolution as the inheritance of acquired characters under influence of needs as posed as changing environmental conditions. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

W. Ruhland (1912) and Hoffman (1925) put forth the ultrafiltration theory and describe that small pores are found on the membrane of the molecules, which are small in size than pores of the membrane are only passed through membranes.

Traube (1867) proposed his ''Haftdruck'' or retention pressure theory. According to this theory, the permeation of solutes through a membrane depended on their relative affinity towards the membrane substance as compared to that of water.

• DNA fingerprinting  is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. 
• The first patent covering the modern process of DNA fingerprinting was filed by Dr. Alec Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983.
• DNA fingerprinting  is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspect's profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime.

DNA fingerprinting is a forensic technique which identify the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibit variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals. It was invented by AIec Jeffery. The first step in DNA finger printing is extraction of useable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms, or RFLPs. The fragments are sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter-paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draw the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition.  A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

DNA finger printing is a forensic technique which identifies the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to the presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibits variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals.  It was invented by AIec Jeffreys. The first step in DNA finger printing is the extraction of usable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms or RFLPs. The fragments are then sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The sorted DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draws the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition. A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

Kary Mullis invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique in 1983, for which he later received the Nobel Prize.

Discovering their high level of variability, Sir Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting based on minisatellites, solving the first immigration case by DNA in 1985, and the first forensic murder case, the Enderby murders in the United Kingdom, in 1986.

Eugene P. Odum was an American biologist known for his pioneering work in ecosystem ecology. He is widely recognized as a leading figure in the field of ecology.

The term biocoenosis, which refers to a group of organisms living together in a specific habitat, was coined by the German zoologist Karl Mobius in 1877.

The term ecology (oekologie) was coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866. It is derived from the Greek words oikos (house) and logos (study).

Professor Ramdeo Misra is widely regarded as the father of ecology in India. He made significant contributions to the study of plant ecology and community dynamics.

The term phylum was introduced into biological classification by Ernst Haeckel. It is used to rank organisms below kingdom and above class.