Tag: human genome project and dna fingerprinting

• DNA fingerprinting  is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. 
• The first patent covering the modern process of DNA fingerprinting was filed by Dr. Alec Jeffrey Glassberg in 1983.
• DNA fingerprinting  is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspect's profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime.

DNA fingerprinting is a forensic technique which identify the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibit variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals. It was invented by AIec Jeffery. The first step in DNA finger printing is extraction of useable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms, or RFLPs. The fragments are sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter-paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draw the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition.  A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

DNA finger printing is a forensic technique which identifies the individuals by their DNA characteristics. A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) refers to the presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibits variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals.  It was invented by AIec Jeffreys. The first step in DNA finger printing is the extraction of usable DNA followed by its digestion with restriction enzymes to produce the restriction fragments length polymorphisms or RFLPs. The fragments are then sorted according to size by gel electrophoresis. The sorted DNA fragments are then transferred from the gel to the surface of the nylon via southern blotting. For the purpose, the agarose gel is mounted on filter paper wick and the hybridization membrane is sandwiched between the gel and any absorbent material, which draw the transfer buffer through the gel by capillary action. The buffer flow draws the DNA molecules which are then immobilized on the synthetic membrane. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of same composition. A photographic film on top of the nylon surface to make a genetic fingerprint. 

DNA fingerprinting is a test which is used to identify and evaluate the genetic information called as DNA in a person's cells. It is called as a "fingerprint" because it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same DNA information, in the same way that it is very unlikely that any two people would have exactly the same physical fingerprint. The test is used to determine whether a family relationship exists between two people, to identify organisms causing a disease and to solve crimes. 

DNA profiling or fingerprinting is used in, parentage testing and criminal investigation, to identify a person or to place a person at a crime scene, techniques which are now employed globally in forensic science to facilitate police detective work and help clarify paternity and immigration disputes. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Forensic science is the application of science to the law. In criminal cases, forensic scientists are often involved in the search for an examination of physical traces which might be useful for establishing or excluding an association between someone suspected of committing a crime and the scene of the crime or victim. 

DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA. DNA is present in blood, hair, semen and various other body cells which can be used to isolate DNA for the process of DNA fingerprinting.