Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Cell theory was applied to plants by Schleiden. Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden, proposed the cell theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. The work on the plants was done by Matthias Jakob Schleiden.

The cell theory was developed from three German scientist's discoveries. They are Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow. In 1838, the German botanist Matthias Schleiden discovered that all plants were composed of cells.

Rudolf Virchow proposed the concept of 'omnis cellula e cellula', which means that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, building upon the work of earlier scientists.

Nehmiah Grew initiate cell concept when he found that plant tissues contain minute elementary structures or cells. Thus, it was a 'basic generalization' extended to all the plants by Schleiden. Schleiden by himself neither discovered cell nor described their structure but extended the cell concept to all plants.

Rudolf Virchow explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells. "Omnis cellula e cellula" is also attributed to the Cell Theory, that works on a similar principle. The cell theory asserts that every organism is formed of the same units of the organisation, known as cells.

Leeuwenhoek was the first to see 'free-living cells' under his microscope. In 1809, Lamarck concluded that all living beings are formed of cells. Living substance was first observed by Corti in 1772 and was named sarcode by Dujardin in 1835. Dutrochet believed in the individuality of cells, i.e., living organisms are made up of a number of individual cells. The nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown and Schleiden and Schwann are credited with the formulation of the cell theory. 

Matthias Schleiden was a German botanist, and Theodor Schwann was a British zoologist. Together, they formulated the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells.

Cell theory is the idea that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms and that new cells are formed from other existing cells. This theory is one of the foundations of modern biology. First formulated in the early 1800s in landmark publications by Mathias Jacob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, the foundations of this theory began in mid-1600s through advances in microscopy. Today, it is held that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

Rudolf Virchow modified the cell theory and gave the concept of 'Omnis cellule e cellulae'- which means new cells develop by the division of the pre-existing cells. This is called the theory of cell lineage or common ancestry.

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was first to observe the living cell. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 observations in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope. One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". 
Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1838. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.  Cell theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.
Virchow is credited with many important discoveries. His most widely known scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He was one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed the origins of cells was the division of pre-existing cells.

Selman Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952 for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.

Photophosphorylation is synthesis of ATP from ADP in presence of light in the chloroplast. It is also called as photosynthetic phosphorylation. It was discovered by Arnon in 1954. Arnon gave difference between two types of photophosphorylation, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. He gave resemblance of photophosphorylation with oxidative phosphorylation. The difference between the two is in photophosphorylation ATP is synthesized using light energy whereas in oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is synthesized using chemical energy. 

Photorespiration is the process of uptake of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide in the light by the photosynthesising tissue. It was discovered by Dicker and Tio (1959), when they observed that the rate of respiration of green leaves is much higher in light than in the dark.

Melvin Ellis Calvin was an American chemist most famed for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.