Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik. So, the correct answer is " C. Nageli".

• The first interferon was discovered in 1957 by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann. During their investigation, the two scientists found that virus-infected cells secrete a special protein that causes both infected and noninfected cells to produce other proteins that prevent viruses from replicating. Hence interferons were discovered by Isaac and Lindemann.
• So, the correct answer is 'Isaac and Lindemann'.

The power loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 and set up a factory in Doncaster, England to manufacture cloth. The power loom was a steam powered mechanically operated version of a regular loom, an invention that combined threads to make cloth.

Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom in 1785, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth.

Samuel Crompton was a mill worker who had learnt to spin using a Spinning Jenny. He noted that one of the problems with the Spinning Jenny was that the thread was not strong enough and it kept breaking. In 1779, Crompton designed a new machine which he called the Spinning Mule. His machine combined the best features of both the Spinning Jenny and Arkwright's Water Frame. The Spinning Mule produced a very fine and even thread which was suitable to spin yarns for making muslin.

Elias Howe's invention of sewing machine revolutionized the entire textile industry. Introduction of sewing machine in England was instrumental in achieving rapid industrialization and associated technological  innovations. Although Howe personally could not make the most out of his invention at first instance, after extensive patent litigation he got the rewards. 

Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Pasteur discovered that growing anthrax bacilli at about 42 °C made them unable to produce spores.  . His laboratory notebooks, now  show that he actually used heat and potassium dichromate similar to Toussaint's method, followed by inoculation of the tested animals with the weakened innoculum. The experiment, conducted  by him at Pouilly-le-Fort on sheep, goats and cows, was successful.

Henry Cavendish showed that water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen.

Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease. This theory explains that the disease is caused by the microorganisms which cannot be seen by naked eyes. These are small and microscopic organisms. These organisms are dependent on the host for activities like growth. He demonstrated that fermentation is the result of the action of microorganism on sugar. 

The term anaphylaxis was coined by Charles Richet and Paul Portier in 1902 during their experiments on the effects of sea anemone toxin in dogs.

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (HMP) is an alternative pathway of glucose break down found in animal tissues like liver, mammary glands, adrenal cortex, leucocytes and in many plant tissues. The pathway was first discovered by Warburg et. at. (1953) and Dickens (1938).

Peter Dennis Mitchell was a British biochemist, who was awarded the 1978 Nobel prize for chemistry for his discovery of the 'chemiosmotic mechanism' of ATP synthesis.
Pentose phosphate pathway was discovered by Warburg and Dickens. It is a pathway of hexose oxidation in which glucose-6-phosphate undergoes two successive oxidations by NADP, the final one being oxidative decarboxylation to form a pentose phosphate.
EMP pathway is known as 'Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway'. It is also called as glycolysis. It converts glucose to pyruvate.
Kostychev was first Russian scientist to explain anaerobic respiration. He applied his knowledge of microbiology to the study of the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Thus, the correct answer is option C.