Biology

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2,010 Questions

Genetic engineering and biotechnology involve modifying organism DNA to develop transgenic crops, medical treatments, and industrial solutions. This field covers essential techniques like hybridoma technology, molecular markers, and gene transfer in eukaryotic cells. These biology topics are essential for aspirants preparing for various competitive examinations.

Genetic engineering techniquesTransgenic organismsIndustrial biotechnologyGMOs and bioremediation

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Questions

Multiple choice biology classification and variation dna - history and structure biotechnology commercial applications of biotechnology

Which one of the following is a genetically engineered antiviral protein?

  1. Interferon

  2. Humulin

  3. Griseofulvin

  4. Fumagillin
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Interferons are glycoproteins produced by cells in response to viral infections and are now produced using recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) for therapeutic use.

Multiple choice biology animal tissue muscular tissues muscle tissue muscle tissues

In transgenics, expression of transgene in target tissue is determined by ____________.

  1. Reporter

  2. Enhancer

  3. Transgene

  4. Promotor
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

In transgenic organisms, the promoter is the DNA sequence that initiates the transcription of the transgene, thereby determining where and when the gene is expressed.

Multiple choice botany option b: biotechnology and bioinformatics insertion and ligation of dna cutting, insertion and ligation of dna biotechnology in agriculture

The most extensively used bacteria in genetic engineering is ____________.

  1. Bacillus

  2. Clostridium

  3. Escherichia

  4. Salmonella
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used host organism in genetic engineering due to its well-understood genetics and ease of culture.

Multiple choice botany option b: biotechnology and bioinformatics insertion and ligation of dna cutting, insertion and ligation of dna biotechnology in agriculture

Which of the following is not a method of introducing alien DNA into host cells?

  1. Micro injection

  2. Electroporation

  3. Being placed along with the cell into a gene gun

  4. Gel electrophoresis
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
A. Microinjection is a technique in which DNA is directly injected into the host cells with the help of microinjection.
B. Electroporation is a technique in which pores are created in the cell membrane and thus, permeability is increased. As a result, foreign DNA can easily enter the cells.
C. Gene gun is a method to introduce alien DNA into host cells through microprojectile particles. The DNA coated gold or tungsten particles are bombarded with the host cells and alien DNA enters the cells.
D. Gel electrophoresis is a technique of separating DNA fragments on the basis of their size.
Hence, option D is not a method of introducing alien DNA into host cells.
So, the correct answer 'Gel electrophoresis'.
Multiple choice botany option b: biotechnology and bioinformatics insertion and ligation of dna cutting, insertion and ligation of dna biotechnology in agriculture

Which one of the following is commonly used in transfer of foreign DNA into crop plants?

  1. Penicillium expansum

  2. Trichoderma harzianum

  3. Meloidogyne incognita

  4. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Trichoderma harzianum is a biofungicide and is used for suppression of various disease causing fungal pathogens. Penicillium expansum, blue mold, causes postharvest decay of stored apples and produces the carcinogenic mycotoxin patulin. Meloidogyne incognita, southern root-knot nematode" or the "cotton root-knot nematode", is a nematode with multiple hosts. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil plant pathogenic bacterium that carries Ti plasmid. It can transfer a particular segment of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into the nucleus of infected cells. The transferred T-DNA is then integrated into the host genome and transcribed with it. This ability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer the T-DNA in host genome is explored in genetic engineering to transfer the desired DNA segment, carrying the gene of the interest, into genome of selected organisms. Option D is the correct answer. 

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Cloning is a method to

  1. Replace original genotype

  2. Preserve genotype

  3. Production of HGH gene in Escherichia coli

  4. None of these
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical copies of a biological entity. Therefore, its primary purpose is to preserve the genotype of the original organism.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms? 

  1. Rhizopus nigricans

  2. Retrovirus

  3. Baculovirus

  4. Salmonella typhimurium
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
  • Salmonella (S.) typhi is an important intracellular pathogen, exclusively for humans  that causes typhoid or enteric fever that make most suitable as a vaccine vector carrying antigens of other pathogens. The hybrids are studied for  induced immune response against response to both the Salmonella bacteria and the antigen of the pathogen in under study.
  • Retroviral vectors are created by replacing retroviral gag, pol, and env genes with therapeutic gene and used in gene therapy which is the process of introduction of DNA into living human beings in order to treat disease. It is used to replace a missing gene product or to correct mutant alleles.
  • Baculoviruses have rod-shaped capsids and large, double-stranded DNA genomes that infect insects. Their polyhedrin gene is replaced with foreign DNA which is expressed at high levels under the control of the endogenous polyhedrin promoter and is mainly used for high-level transient protein expression in insects and insect cells.
  •  Rhizopus nigricans is used as host vector system for mass synthesis of protein encoded by gene cloned in plasmid vectors.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Retrovirus'.
Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Genetic and acquired diseases can be cured by cloning.

  1. True

  2. False
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Human cloning has been used to create stem cells which can cure many genetic and acquired diseases. If a person is suffering from kidney disease and requires a new kidney, he can be provided by kidney developed from his own stem cells using cloning technique. This technique is used to create healthy stem cells from a diabetic patient which will produce insulin after successful transplantation into the body. However, cloning technique would be help in curing acquired diseases. 

Thus, the correct answer is 'False.'

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Cloning of animals has been possible due to advances in

  1. nuclear technology

  2. computer technology

  3. biotechnology

  4. autoradiography
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Cloning in biotechnology refers to the process of creating clones i.e. exact copies of an organism. Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Due to the advancement of biotechnological processes like DNA cloning, amplification, isolation, recombination etc. It has been possible to create clones of animals. 

So, the correct option is 'biotechnology.'

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

'Cloning' is meant 

  1. For production of HGH gene is E. coli

  2. To preserve the genotype of organism

  3. To replace the original gene

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
The clone is a population of cells or individuals which are genetically similar to the donor cell or individual. It can be performed by using the complete organisms or the cells from the single parent through the method of asexual reproduction. Its main purpose is to preserve the genotype of an organism. The cloning is of two types namely: 
i. Gene cloning at the molecular level and
ii. Cloning of the organisms.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.
Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Which one of the following is used as vector for cloning genes into higher organisms?

  1. Retrovirus

  2. Baculovirus
  3. $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$
  4. $Rhizopus$ $nigricans$
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Retroviruses, though have single-stranded RNA genomes but provide perhaps the most promising vector system of all. During the process of reverse transcription, sequences from the termini of viral RNA are duplicated to generate long terminal repeats(LTRs). These long terminal repeats contain both the promoter and the polyadenylation signal for the transcription of viral mRNAs. The specificity of proviral DNA integration is also determined by the long terminal repeats. Although retroviruses can integrate at many sites within the cellular genome, integrative recombination always occurs at particular sites at the ends of the LTRs. The sequences appropriately inserted between the two LTRs will be integrated intact which contrasts sharply with the integration of papovavirus or adenovirus DNA, during which extensive rearrangements of the integrated viral sequences are commonplace. A further great advantage of retroviruses is that they are natural transducing viruses.

Multiple choice zoology applications of biotechnology cloning process of cloning gene cloning

Dolly is a product of

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Animal cloning

  3. Cell fusion

  4. Gene therapy
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer ie, cloning me.method called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer or SCNT. A clone has the same DNA sequence as its parent and so they are genetically identical. In SCNT, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a donor adult cell. Since 99.9% of the cell’s DNA is contained in the nucleus, the resulting animal will share almost exactly the same DNA as the original donor cell. So, the correct answer is option B.