Vitamins and Nutrition

Vitamins help in protecting our body against diseases. Vitamins also help in keeping our eyes, bones, teeth and gums healthy.

This option is correct as both statements (b) and (c) are correct.

Coconut is a rich source of fats. Oranges, lemons and green vegetables are a rich source of vitamin C.

Amla (Indian gooseberry, Emblica officinalis) is one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C, containing approximately 600-900 mg per 100g, far exceeding citrus fruits like oranges (about 53 mg per 100g). Mango, apple, and milk are significantly poorer sources of vitamin C.

Folic acid is a coenzyme used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines.

Vitamin K is essential for blood coagulation (clotting) as it helps produce clotting factors in the liver. Without adequate Vitamin K, blood cannot clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. Vitamin A supports vision, Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption, and Vitamin E is an antioxidant.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a thiamine (Vitamin B₁) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphatase. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is derived from riboflavin (Vitamin B₂). Coenzyme-A (CoA) is formed from adenosine triphosphate, cysteine and pantothenic acid (Vitamin B₃). Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form of pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆).

Vitamin D has been extensively studied for its role in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Research suggests that adequate Vitamin D levels may improve pancreatic beta-cell function and reduce insulin resistance, thereby potentially lowering the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. While Vitamins A, B, and C are essential for various bodily functions, they are not specifically linked to diabetes risk reduction in the same way as Vitamin D.

Growing children require adequate protein intake because proteins are essential for building new tissues, muscle development, and overall growth. While vitamins, fats, and carbohydrates are all important for health, proteins are the primary building blocks needed for physical development during childhood.

The yield of vitamin B₁₂ increases when the medium is supplemented with betaine. The usual source of betaine is sugar beet molasses.

It prevents heart muscle cells to grow bigger and to become over stimulated.

Vitamin B12 is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only through bacterial fermentation synthesis.

Vitamin B12 combines with intrinsic factor and is absorbed in the ilium by active transport mechanism.

VitaminB5 or pantothenic acid inhibits the absorption of biotin if taken in high doses. In the same way, excess of biotin can reduce the absorption of pantothenic acid.