Vitamins and Nutrition

Vitamin C is water-soluble and leaches out when peeled vegetables are washed. The peeling itself exposes the vitamin-rich flesh, and washing further washes away this water-soluble vitamin. This is why it's better to wash vegetables before peeling them.

Glucose is the most commonly used carbon source for commercial synthesis of vitamin B₁₂.

Retinoic acid is derived from vitamin A.

Vitamin A is chemically known as retinol. It is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, and cellular growth. The correct answer is B (retinol). Options A (glucose - a simple sugar) and C (protein - a macromolecule) are incorrect classifications.

Rhodopseudomonas protamicus is a hybrid strain of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Protaminobacter rubber and can produce as high as 135 mg/l of vitamin B₁₂ utilising carbon source. Thus, it is the strain that yields the greatest amount of vitamin B₁₂.

Cholecalciferol is a form of vitamin D, also called vitamin D₃ or calciol. It is structurally similar to steroids such as testosterone, cholesterol, and cortisol (though vitamin D₃ itself is a secosteroid).

The body needs calcium to maintain strong bones.

Vitamin E helps muscles to work and give protection to liver.

Vitamin B2 is the scientific name for riboflavin, which is essential for energy metabolism, cellular function, and maintaining healthy skin and eyes. Thiamine is Vitamin B1, and Niacin is Vitamin B3. Riboflavin is found in dairy products, eggs, leafy greens, and almonds.

Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells.

Heart patients are typically advised to limit fat intake, especially saturated and trans fats. High fat consumption can lead to increased cholesterol, arterial blockage, and cardiovascular complications. The other options (vitamins, carbohydrates) are generally part of a balanced diet.

When our skin is exposed to sunlight (specifically UVB radiation), it produces vitamin D through a photochemical reaction. This is why sun exposure is important for maintaining adequate vitamin D levels in the body.

Correct option is (4). 

Vitamin C is chemically known as ascorbic acid, with the molecular formula C₆H₈O₆. It is an essential nutrient for humans and acts as an antioxidant. Niacin is vitamin B3, and thiamine is vitamin B1. The correct answer is B because ascorbic acid is the specific chemical name for vitamin C.

Vitamin D deficiency is directly linked to rickets, a condition that affects bone development in children. Rickets causes bones to become soft and weak, leading to skeletal deformities and growth problems. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone mineralization, making it crucial for preventing this condition.