Biology

Pregnancy and Childbirth

964 Questions

This hub covers essential biology questions on pregnancy, fetal development, and childbirth. Topics include the placenta, maternal physiology, and the stages of labor. These concepts are frequently tested in general science sections of various competitive examinations.

Placenta and fetal nutritionStages of laborMaternal immune systemPregnancy complications

Pregnancy and Childbirth Questions

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

In which of the following situations, there is risk of erythroblastosis foetalis

  1. Mother $Rh^+$, father $Rh^+$
  2. Mother $Rh^-$, father $Rh^-$
  3. Mother $Rh^-$, father $Rh^+$
  4. Mother $Rh^+$, father $Rh^-$.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Erythroblastosis foetalis occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, leading to maternal antibody production against fetal red blood cells.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

If the foetus is Rh (+) ve and the mother is Rh (-) ve, then

  1. Foetus will transmit blood toxin to mother

  2. Foetus will transmit antibody to mother's blood

  3. Foetus is attacked by antibodies of mother's blood

  4. Foetus is attacked by antigen of mother's blood
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

In Rh incompatibility, maternal antibodies against the Rh antigen cross the placenta and attack the fetal red blood cells, leading to their destruction.

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

The problem of erythroblastosis foetalis occurs when 

  1. Both father and mother are Rh positive

  2. Both father and mother are Rh negative

  3. Mother is Rh positive and father is Rh negative

  4. Father is Rh positive and mother is Rh negative
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

If a woman who is Rh- negative married to a man who is Rh- positive produces a baby may have Rh- positive blood, inherited from the father. Rh antibodies are harmless until the mother's second or later pregnancies. If she is ever carrying another Rh- positive child, her Rh antibodies will recognize the Rh proteins on the surface of the baby's blood cells as foreign and attack those cells. This can lead to rupture of the baby's RBCs known as haemolytic or Rh disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis foetalis. 

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

Chances of erythroblastosis foetalis occurring during second pregnancy when the baby is

  1. $Rh^+$ and mother $Rh^-$
  2. $Rh^+$ and mother $Rh^+$
  3. $Rh^-$ and mother is $Rh^+$
  4. $Rh^-$ and mother $Rh^-$.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Erythroblastosis foetalis occurs when an Rh-negative mother has developed antibodies against Rh-positive blood during a previous pregnancy.

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

If a women becomes pregnant second time, the foetus is in danger when

  1. Mother is Rh (+) ve and foetus is Rh (-) ve

  2. Mother is Rh (-) ve and foetus is Rh (+) ve

  3. Father is Rh (-) ve and foetus is Rh (+) ve

  4. Father is Rh (+) ve and foetus is Rh (-) ve.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The danger exists when the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, allowing for potential antibody transfer.

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

The problem due to Rh factor arises when the two blood (Rh${^+}$ and Rh${^-}$ ) mix up

  1. In a test tube

  2. Through transfusion

  3. During pregnancy

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Rh incompatibility arises when mother and the baby carries different protein factors. The problem arises when mother is Rh negative and the child she is carrying is Rh positive. This can take place even when two blood groups with different proteins are either mixed in a test tube or transfused into a person. Rh negative people do not have this protein and if Rh positive blood is mixed with Rh negative blood anti Rh antibodies develop which can lead to problems. 

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

In erythroblastosis foetalis, which factors of the mother pass through placenta into the fetus?

  1. Rh antigens

  2. Rh antibodies

  3. ABO antibodies

  4. Agglutinins
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Erythroblastosis fetalis also called the hemolytic disease of the newborn, type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of a fetus are destroyed in a maternal immune reaction resulting from a blood group incompatibility between the fetus and its mother. Symptoms of erythroblastosis fetalis range from mild to severe; death of the fetus or newborn sometimes results.

The Rh system is responsible for the most severe form of the disease, which can occur when a Rh-negative woman (a woman whose blood cells lack the Rh factor) conceives a Rh-positive fetus. Sensitization of the mother’s immune system (immunization) occurs when fetal red blood cells that carry the Rh factor (an antigen in this context) cross the placental barrier and enter the mother’s bloodstream. They stimulate the production of antibodies, some of which pass across the placenta into fetal circulation and lyse, or break apart, the red blood cells of the fetus (hemolysis). Hence option B is correct.

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

Erythroblastosis foetalis is caused when fertilisation takes place between gametes of

  1. $Rh^-$ female and $Rh^+$ male.
  2. $Rh^+$ female and $Rh^-$ male.
  3. $Rh^+$ female and $Rh^+$ male.
  4. $Rh^-$ female and $Rh^-$ male.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
 Erythroblastosis foetalis is caused by transplacental transmission of maternal antibodies to foetal RBCs when  mother is Rh- and the foetus is Rh+.
So, the correct option is 'Rh- female and Rh+ male'
Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

In which of the following situations, there is a risk factor for children acquiring erythroblastosis foetalis?

  1. Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh -ve.

  2. Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve.

  3. Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh +ve.

  4. Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh -ve.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Erythroblastosis fetalis also called hemolytic disease of the newborn, type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of a fetus are destroyed in a maternal immune reaction resulting from a blood group incompatibility between the fetus and its mother. This happens during second pregnancy when the mother's immune system is already sensitized to Rh$^+$ antigens present on the blood cells of the foetus during the first pregnancy. The Rh gene being dominant, the feotus will be Rh$^+$ if anyone of the parent is Rh$^+$.
 So, the correct answer is "Mother is Rh-ve and father is Rh+ve."

Multiple choice zoology immunity and blood groups compatibility of blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance

In which of the following situations, is there a risk factor for children of incurring erythroblastosis foetalis?

  1. Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh -ve.

  2. Mother is Rh -ve and father is Rh +ve.

  3. Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh +ve.

  4. Mother is Rh +ve and father is Rh -ve.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

There are two main causes of erythroblastosis fetalis: Rh incompatibility and ABO incompatibility. Rh incompatibility occurs when a Rh-negative mother is impregnated by a Rh-positive father. The result can be a Rh-positive baby. In such a case, your baby’s Rh antigens will be perceived as foreign invaders, the way viruses or bacteria are perceived. Your blood cells attack the baby’s as a protective mechanism that can end up harming the child. If you’re pregnant with your first baby, Rh incompatibility isn’t as much of a concern. However, when the Rh-positive child is born, your body will create antibodies against the Rh factor. These antibodies will attack the blood cells if you ever become pregnant with another Rh-positive baby.


So, the correct option is 'Option B'.

Multiple choice zoology menustral cycle in human parturition and lactation pregnancy and birth fertilization and post fertilization in humans

Delivery of developed fetus is scientifically called ______________.

  1. Parturition

  2. Oviposition

  3. Abortion

  4. Ovulation
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Parturition is the act of expelling the full-term young one from the mother's uterus at the end of gestation. Gestation (pregnancy) is completed in about 266 days from the mother's last menstruation.

Multiple choice zoology menustral cycle in human parturition and lactation pregnancy and birth fertilization and post fertilization in humans

Intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive due to the

  1. Suppression of gonadotropins

  2. Hypersecretion of gonadotropins

  3. Suppression of gametic transport

  4. Suppression of fertilization
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
Presence of prolactin hormone in the blood of lactating mothers suppresses the release of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) from the pituitary gland. Gonadotropins are required for ovulation to occur. Thus, in the absence of gonadotropins, ovum is not released and hence chances of fertilisation are nil upto 6 months following parturition (if the mother is regularly breast-feeding). Therefore, intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive.
So, the correct answer is 'Suppression of gonadotropins'.
Multiple choice zoology menustral cycle in human parturition and lactation pregnancy and birth fertilization and post fertilization in humans

Select the correct statement.

  1. hPL plays a major role in parturition.
  2. Fetus shows movements first time in the ${7}^{th}$ month of pregnancy.

  3. Signal for parturition comes from fully developed fetus and placenta.
  4. Embryo's heart is formed by the ${2}^{nd}$ month of pregnancy.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Parturition, also called birth or childbirth, process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, or womb. The prior development of the child in the uterus is described in the article human embryology. The process and series of changes that take place in a woman’s organs and tissues as a result of the developing fetus are discussed in the article pregnancy. Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for parturition originate from the fully-developed foetus and the placenta which requires the release of oxytocin from the posterior lobe of the maternal pituitary.

So the correct option is 'signal for parturition comes from fully developed foetus and placenta'.

Multiple choice zoology menustral cycle in human parturition and lactation pregnancy and birth fertilization and post fertilization in humans

Gestation period is the duration

  1. Of fertilization

  2. Between egg growth and ovulation

  3. Between fertilization and parturition

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
The gestation period is the duration between fertilization and parturition. Gestation period is the time in which a foetus develops, beginning with fertilization and ending at birth.
Fertilization is the process of fusion of two types of gametes (spermatozoon and ovum), so as to form a diploid zygote.
Parturition is the act of expelling the full term young ones from the mother's uterus at the end of gestation.