Biology

Pregnancy and Childbirth

964 Questions

This hub covers essential biology questions on pregnancy, fetal development, and childbirth. Topics include the placenta, maternal physiology, and the stages of labor. These concepts are frequently tested in general science sections of various competitive examinations.

Placenta and fetal nutritionStages of laborMaternal immune systemPregnancy complications

Pregnancy and Childbirth Questions

Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

Following statements are given regarding MTP. Choose the correct options given below.
(i) MTP's are generally advised during first trimester.
(ii) MTP's are used as a contraceptive method.
(iii) MTP's are always surgical.
(iv) MTP's require the assistance of qualified medical personnel.

  1. (ii) and (iii)

  2. (i) and (iii)

  3. (i) and (iv)

  4. (i) and (ii)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). It is less riskier during first trimester (upto 12th week) and requires assistance of qualified medical personnel. It can also be induced using chemical drugs. Mifepristone + prostaglandin are examples of this. These drugs are taken only in the supervision of qualified medical personnel.
So, the correct answer is '(i) and (iv)'.
Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

According to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy(Amendment) Act, 2017 pregnancy may be terminated only below .......... weeks of maternal age with the opinion of a registered medical practitioner

  1. 13 weeks

  2. 14 weeks

  3. 24 weeks

  4. 12 weeks
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

According to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017 pregnancy may be terminated only below 12 weeks of maternal age with the opinion of a registered medical practitioner . After 12 weeks , abortions will only be carried out on the grounds of a serious risk to the health or the life of the mother .  Also there is a list of guidelines setup by the the medical termination act of 1971 which one has to follow while doing the same . 

So the  correct option is '12 weeks' .

Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

In which of the following case/s, it is legal to terminate a pregnancy after 12 weeks of maternal age?

  1. The continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman

  2. There is a substantial risk that if the child was born, he/she would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped

  3. To avoid possible pregnancy due to rape

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
The medical termination act of 1971 gives allows abortions only under the following conditions 
  • A risk to the life of the pregnant woman 
  • A risk of grave injury to her mental or physical health 
  • If the pregnancy is caused by rape 
  • If the unborn suffer from chromosomal or genetic abnormalities 
  • Failure of the contraceptive used by the couple 
  • So the correct options are both 'The continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman'  & 'There is a substantial risk that if the child was born, he/she would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped'.
Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

Which two of the following statements are correct?
a) MTP during first semester is generally safe
b) Chances of conception are nil until mother breast feeds the infant upto two years
c) IUDs like copper-T are effective contraceptives
d) Contraceptive pills may be taken upto one week after coitus to prevent conception

  1. a, c

  2. a, b

  3. b, c

  4. c,d
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

a) Medical termination of pregnancy is a induced abortion which is considered safe during the first trimester of pregnancy( i.e upto 12 weeks of pregnancy). However, these are much more riskier in second trimester of pregnancy.

b) Chances of conception are almost nil as long as the mother lactates fully. This method is considered effective only upto a maximum period of six months.
c) IUDs like copper T are effective contraceptives. It prevent implantation.
d) Pills are normally taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle.
So, the correct answer is 'a,c'.

Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

MTP is considered safe upto how many weeks of pregnancy?

  1. Six

  2. Eight

  3. Twelve

  4. Eighteen
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or induced abortion. MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy. Second trimester abortions are much more risker.
So, the correct option is 'Twelve'.
Multiple choice biology reproductive health reproductive health of humans need of family planning reproductive health problems

Induced abortion is

  1. IUD

  2. MTP

  3. STD

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

IUD- Intrauterine devices is a temporary method to prevent implantation.

MTP- Medical termination of pregnancy is intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before the foetus becomes viable. It is also called induced abortion.
STD- Sexually transmitted diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons.
So, the correct answer is 'MTP'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Short-lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorized as

  1. Active immunity

  2. Passive immunity

  3. Cellular immunity

  4. Innate non-specific immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Short-lived immunity acquired from mothers to foetus across placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorized as passive immunity. In passive immunity there is transfer of preformed antibodies in host to a recipient. In this case, the resistance is passively transferred from the mother to the foetus through placenta or through mother's milk. So, the correct answer is 'Passive immunity'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Short lived immunity acquired by foetus/infant from mother through placenta /milk is 

  1. Active immunity

  2. Passive immunity

  3. Cellular immunity

  4. Innate nonspecific immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies (exogenous). Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus or child through the placenta or milk, and it can also be induced artificially when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies. Passive immunity is short-lived, as long as antibodies persist in the body. It is seen in cases where a patient needs immediate protection from a foreign body and cannot form antibodies quickly enough independently.

So, the correct answer is 'Passive immunity'.

Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Immunity that develops in foetus after receiving antibodies from mother's blood through placenta is 

  1. naturally acquired active immunity

  2. artificially acquired active immunity

  3. naturally acquired passive immunity

  4. artificially acquired passive immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
The antibodies which foetus receives from mother's blood through placenta are not produced in the body of the foetus so, it is a type of  passive immunity and because these antibodies were developed in mother's body due to repeated exposure to antigens, this  is a naturally acquired immunity 
So, the correct answer is 'naturally acquired passive immunity'
Multiple choice zoology aids to health immunity and the lines of immunity immune system of the body immunity and blood groups

Short lived immunity acquired from mother to foetus across the placenta or through mother's milk to the infant is categorised  as 

  1. Active immunity

  2. Passive immunity

  3. CMI

  4. Auto immunity

  5. Innate immunity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta and through colostrum (mother's milk), and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin (obtained from animals) are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies. Passive immunity is short lived.

So, the correct answer is 'Passive immunity'.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

$Rh^-$ mother carries $Rh^+$ foetus. The foetus is at risk of disease called

  1. Haemophilia

  2. Haemolytic disease

  3. Tuberculosis

  4. Syphilis.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

When an Rh-negative mother is exposed to Rh-positive fetal blood, she produces antibodies that can cross the placenta and destroy fetal red blood cells, a condition known as haemolytic disease of the newborn.

Multiple choice bio-chemistry immunity and blood groups blood group blood groups and compatibility advance blood groups and transfusion compatibility of blood groups

Problem related to Rh factor arias when $Rh^+$ and $Rh^-$ bloods mix up

  1. In test tube

  2. Through transfusion

  3. Through pregnancy

  4. Both A and C.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Rh incompatibility causes clinical problems primarily through two routes: blood transfusion (Rh- recipient receives Rh+ blood) and pregnancy (Rh- mother carrying Rh+ fetus). Of the options given, transfusion is directly stated as correct. While pregnancy also causes Rh problems, the question specifically asks about 'bloods mix up', which most directly refers to transfusion.