Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Correct answer. Chlorotrianisene is a non-steroidal synthetic estrogen that was formerly used for the treatment of menopause, deficiencies in ovary function, and prostate cancer. Diethylstilbestrol is a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen that was first synthesised in 1938. Fosfestrol is a synthetic estrogen used as an antineoplastic agent.

Gastrointestinal disorders are treated with oral medications (drugs), antibiotics for bacterial infections, and Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) for dehydration. Antiseptics like Dettol or tincture are used for external wound disinfection and are not given internally for GI problems.

Quinine, Chloroquine, and Primaquine are well-established anti-malarial drugs used to treat or prevent malaria. "Antiquine" appears to be a fictional or misspelled drug name with no pharmaceutical validity - it doesn't exist as an anti-malarial medication.

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common type of porphyria and is associated with exposure to certain chemicals (alcohol, estrogen, hexachlorobenzene) and drugs. It is caused by decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, leading to accumulation of uroporphyrin. This enzyme defect causes the characteristic blistering skin lesions and photosensitivity seen in PCT.

Busulfan acts as an alkylating agent. It contains two sulfonyloxy groups,  which acts as  good leaving groups when the drug reacts with a nucleophile.

Depsipeptide is derived from a bacterial strain and is reduced to an active compound that promotes apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

Heparin is a highly effective anticoagulant. Unfractionated heparin activates antithrombin which inactivates thrombin and factors IXa and Xa.

Partial inhibition of the Na⁺ pump with digoxin reduces the Na⁺ electrochemical gradient, thus impeding NCX, so more Ca²⁺ remains in the cell to support the next beat.

Integrins are a family of transmembrane glycoprotein receptors that mediate cell-matrix.They are involved in the anchoring of cells to an extracellular matrix. They affect tumour progression, and this has made them an appealing target for cancer therapy.

Binding protein transport systems or ATP-binding cassette transporters are active in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. One of the major problems related with anti-cancer chemotherapy is the resistance against anti cancer drugs. The ATP-binding cassette transporters are a family of transporter proteins that are responsible for drug resistance and a low bioavailability of drugs by pumping a variety of drugs out of cells at the expense of ATP hydrolysis.

Quinine is used to regulate heart beat and to treat the leg cramps.

Curcuma longa (Turmeric) helps in the purification of blood and in controlling blood sugar level.

Underground rhizome of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is used to obtain various constituents.

This is the correct answer.

This is the correct answer.