Pharmacology and Therapeutics

The drug used to treat emphysema produced by genetic engineering is alpha 1 antitrypsin.

This option is correct because steviol glycosides are responsible for the sweet taste of the leaves of the stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). These compounds range in sweetness from 40 to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. They are heat-stable, pH-stable, and do not ferment. They also do not induce a glycemic response when ingested, making them attractive as natural sweeteners to diabetics and others on carbohydrate-controlled diets.

This option is correct because emergency contraceptive pills (sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) in Great Britain) may contain higher doses of the same hormones (estrogens, progestins, or both) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure, such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring. Some examples are - progestin-only (levonorgestrel) pills, and antiprogestin (ulipristal acetate or mifepristone) pills etc.

This option is correct because norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone derivative most widely used as antifertility drug. The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).

The Indian Vulture and the Indian White-rumped Vulture, G. bengalensis species have suffered a 97%–99% population decrease in Pakistan and India, and between 2000-2007 annual decline rates of this species and the Slender-billed Vulture averaged over 16%. The cause of this has been identified as poisoning caused by the veterinary drug diclofenac. Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and when given to working animals it can reduce joint pain and thus, can keep them working for longer.

Bowel obstruction is an obstruction of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. It is common and is usually managed medically using subcutaneous medication given via a syringe driver.

ATP binding cassettes are multi-drug transport systems that are involved in efflux of various drugs. They are known to confer resistance to various drugs targeted at cancerous cells.

It is correct. In the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer, docetaxel and prednisolone have been shown to increase median survival of the prostrate patients by 3 to 4 months .

Bowel obstruction is an obstruction of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. It is common and is usually managed medically using subcutaneous medication given via a syringe driver.

Breathlessness is a common problem for those with lung cancer. Nebulised opioids have been found to be no more effective than inhaled saline.

It  is a chemical uncoupler of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. It permeabilizes the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons, killing the proton gradient . In this situation, electrons continue to pass through the electron transport system and reduce oxygen to water, but ATP is not synthesized in the process thus it produces similar manifestations as given in the above question.

Snake's poison: The medicine is made from the snake's poison which contains anti-venom and combines with venom and treats the human beings.

Sodium bisulphate is added to dental cartridges that contain vasoconstrictor to enhance an adequate shelf life. In the presence of oxygen, the sodium bisulphate is converted to sodium bisulphate, thus sparing oxidation of the vasoconstrictor.

When not accompanied by a vasoconstrictor, all local anesthetic agents can produce vasodilation. This action tends to increase their rate of absorption from the injection site, a feature that not only decrease the duration of action but also elevates the blood level, thus increasing the likelihood of producing toxicity.

This is the correct option. Interferon is used for curing jaundice.