Modern Indian History

Only Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister and the others were Presidents.

The Universities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay were established in 1857 following the Wood's Despatch of 1854. This marked the beginning of modern university education in India. The year 1857 preceded all other options by several decades.

The Board of High School and Intermediate Education, established in 1929, was renamed as the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in 1952. This reorganization aimed to create a more centralized and structured secondary education system. The other years are incorrect.

Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917) was a prominent Indian political leader and mentor to Gandhi. He was affectionately called the 'Grand Old Man of India' for his foundational role in the Indian independence movement and economic critique of British rule. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was 'Frontier Gandhi', Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee was first INC president, and Subhas Chandra Bose was 'Netaji'.

Mahatma Gandhi said 'Gram swaraj is a pathway to Purna swaraj' - meaning village self-rule leads to complete independence. This reflects his philosophy that true freedom begins with self-governing villages. Tilak emphasized swaraj, Bhagat Singh was revolutionary, and Vinoba Bhave focused on land redistribution.

The Servants of India Society was founded in 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a prominent social reformer and leader of the moderate wing of the Indian National Congress. The society aimed to train national missionaries for India's freedom and social reform. Gokhale was also a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi.

'My Experiments with Truth' (or 'The Story of My Experiments with Truth') is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through 1921. It details his philosophy of Satyagraha (truth-force) and his personal journey in developing his political and moral principles.

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hit India on December 26, 2004. The Boxing Day tsunami originated from a massive underwater earthquake off Sumatra and affected multiple countries.

Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat. This date is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti in India and is a national holiday.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known as 'Frontier Gandhi,' was the first foreigner to receive Bharat Ratna in 1987. A prominent freedom fighter from the Northwest Frontier Province (now in Pakistan), he followed Gandhian principles of non-violence and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi. After partition, he remained a Pakistani citizen but maintained strong ties to India.

Firuz Tughlaq created the Department of Public Charities (Diwan-i-Khairat) to provide support to the poor, orphans, and destitute. He was known for his welfare measures and public works, including hospitals, educational institutions, and charitable buildings.

Subhas Chandra Bose was the first to refer to Mahatma Gandhi as 'Father of the Nation' in a radio address from Singapore in 1944. Note: there are typos - 'Jawahar Lal Nahru' should be 'Jawaharlal Nehru', and 'Subhas Chandre Bose' should be 'Subhas Chandra Bose'. Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent leader but didn't use this title.

This quote 'better to live a day as a lion than a lifetime as a sheep' is attributed to Tipu Sultan, reflecting his fierce resistance against British colonial rule. It embodies his warrior spirit and refusal to accept subjugation, making him a legendary figure in Indian history.

Dadabhai Naoroji formulated the Drain Theory in his 1876 work "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India." He demonstrated how Britain was systematically draining India's wealth through unfair trade policies, excessive taxation, and financial arrangements that transferred resources to the colonial power.

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi's first major political campaign in India, involving indigo farmers in Bihar. Gandhi employed his method of nonviolent resistance to fight against the oppressive tin-kathia system imposed on farmers by British planters. This campaign established Gandhi as a national leader and demonstrated the effectiveness of satyagraha as a political tool in India.