Modern Indian History

B.R. Nanda was a prominent Indian historian and author who wrote the authoritative biography 'Mahatma Gandhi: A Biography' (1958). Nanda was the founder and director of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. His biography of Gandhi is considered one of the most scholarly and comprehensive works on Gandhi's life, drawing extensively from primary sources. The other options - N.K. Bose (an anthropologist), G.D. Birla (an industrialist and Gandhi associate), and Prabhudas Gandhi (a Gandhi family member) - are not the author of this particular biography.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported the Irish struggle against British rule, drawing parallels between Irish and Indian oppression under colonialism. He saw both as victims of British imperialism. The German Unification and French Revolution were European movements he sympathized with ideologically but did not actively support.

The Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a Government of India resolution, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as its first Chairman. It formulated Five-Year Plans for India's economic development until it was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015. 1948-49 are incorrect as it was formed post-Constitution.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913, initially aiming to bridge Hindu-Muslim unity. He became its leader in 1916 at the Lucknow Pact. This pre-dates the Pakistan Movement, as Jinnah was then an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.

Gujarat was formed on May 1, 1960, when the Bombay State was divided into Gujarat and Maharashtra along linguistic lines. The Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 created two separate states for Gujarati-speaking and Marathi-speaking populations. 1960 marked this major linguistic reorganization of Indian states.

My Experiments With Truth is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, originally published in Gujarati and later translated into English. It covers his life from early childhood through 1921 and chronicles the development of his philosophy of Satyagraha. The other options are notable Indian figures but not the author of this autobiography.

The Simon Commission (also known as the Indian Statutory Commission) was announced in 1927 and arrived in India in 1928. It was formed to report on India's constitutional progress. The commission was boycotted by Indians because it had no Indian members, leading to widespread protests.

Jharkhand was officially declared a state on November 15, 2000, becoming the 28th state of India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar. The date November 15 was chosen because it is the birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda, who is a significant figure in Jharkhand's history. The Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000 facilitated the creation of the new state.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak famously declared 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it' in 1908. This slogan became the rallying cry of India's independence movement during the aggressive phase of nationalism.

'Delhi Chalo' (On to Delhi) was the rallying cry of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in 1944-45. It symbolized their march toward Delhi to liberate India from British rule. The Quit India Movement (1942) had 'Do or Die' as its slogan, while the Salt March (1930) is associated with 'Salt Satyagraha'. The All India States People's Conference focused on princely states' integration.

C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was often called the 'conscience keeper' of Mahatma Gandhi because he would openly disagree with Gandhi when he felt Gandhi was making a mistake, while remaining deeply loyal to Gandhian principles. He was known for his frank counsel and moral clarity. When Rajaji opposed the Quit India Movement (believing it would weaken India's bargaining position), he demonstrated this independent conscience. Others like Tagore were respected critics, but Rajaji had the closest Gandhian connection.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched by Mahatma Gandhi in September 1920 under the auspices of the Indian National Congress to protest against British rule in India.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 during the colonial era. It emerged as a political platform to represent Indian interests and eventually led the independence movement. The other dates (1880, 1897, 1990) are historically incorrect for INC's formation.