Modern Indian History

The Sarabandi (no-tax) campaign of 1922 was led by Vallabhbhai Patel.  

Dadabhai Naoroji is known as the Grand Old Man of India, was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indian political and social leader. His book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' brought attention to the drainage of India's wealth into Britain.

Winston Churchill described Mahatma Gandhi as a 'seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a half-naked fakir.' Churchill was provoked to describe Mahatma Gandhi as a 'seditious Middle Temple lawyer' because when Gandhi was in London, as a lawyer, he wore western attire. While on his return to India, a year after the launch of the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi adopted the dress of the poorest Indian-khadi dhoti made of coarse homespun cotton yarn. 

Satyagraha is fundamentally a way of life, which guides the modes of political activism undertaken by the followers of its principle (or satyagrahis). On a personal front it involves a life committed to truth, chastity, non-attachment and hard-work. On the political front, satyagraha involves utilisation of non-violent measures to curb the opponent, and ideally to convert him rather than to coerce him into submission. With satyagraha, Mahatma Gandhi ushered in a new era of civilian resistance on the political scenario of the world. The word was coined to aptly define the mode of non-violent resistance that the Indians at South Africa were building against the oppressive British colonialists.  

Movement for freedom from British rule 1857-1947, employing a legacy of economic and political protest. Main leaders - Gandhiji, Nehru, Patel, Naidu, W. C. Bonnerjee, Dada Bhai Naoroji, etc. 

Accessibility to education is one of the main advantages to present day education. In the past, education was only for the wealthy. The poor were not given an opportunity to improve their lot in life. Females were also denied an education by virtue of the fact they would get married and so, an education would be wasted on females. 

Gandhiji was a firm believer of the ancient literature. This is where he found the concept for truth and non-violence.

In the Champaran district of Bihar, the cultivators were forced by Europeans to grow indigo, a blue dye, and this imposed on them untold sufferings. They could not grow the food they needed nor did they receive adequate payment for the indigo.

Communal Award was highly controversial and opposed by Mahatma Gandhi, who fasted in protest against it.

The Indian National Movement is typically divided into three phases: Moderate Era (1885-1905), Extremist Era (1905-1919), and Gandhian Era (1919-1947). The Nehruvian Era (1950-1964) refers to Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership of independent India, which is NOT part of the freedom movement. Option A is wrongly included because it's post-independence.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. It was a political agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India) that ended the Civil Disobedience Movement. Key terms included release of political prisoners, return of confiscated property, and right to make salt for consumption, while Gandhi agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

The Kuka movement was organized in Punjab during the late 19th century as a religious and political uprising against British rule. Led by figures like Baba Ram Singh, it sought to restore Sikh sovereignty and purify Sikh religious practices. The movement gained particular strength in the Sikh holy city of Amritsar and surrounding regions.

Macaulay wanted to westernise Indian education through the minor intellectuals of India. This was known as the Downwards Filtration Theory. 

In 1957, Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was formed to study the Community Development Projects and to recommend the measures for enhancing the output of these projects. In its report, the committee proposed many recommendations among which the one was for an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution of necessary resources, power and authority to them. The K. Santhanam Committee was established in 1963.