Modern Indian History

Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) gained independence from British rule on February 4, 1948. This came nearly a year after India's independence in 1947. The 1948 date is the correct year of Sri Lankan independence, making 1948 the right choice among the options provided.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875 as a Hindu reform movement. He advocated for a return to the Vedas and opposed idol worship, caste discrimination, and child marriage. The movement played a significant role in India's social and religious reform during the colonial period.

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946. The Assembly was created to draft the Constitution of independent India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as its President. The Assembly took nearly three years to complete the Constitution, which was adopted on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950.

Tej Bahadur Sapru was a prominent lawyer who defended INA (Indian National Army) prisoners during the famous Red Fort trials in 1945. The INA trials were held for soldiers of the Indian National Army who were captured by the British.

Mahatma Gandhi developed a comprehensive educational philosophy called 'Nai Talim' (New Education), which emphasized learning through craft, work-centered education, and the holistic development of body, mind, and spirit. His Basic Education Scheme of 1937 proposed education through productive work and making schools self-sufficient. Gandhi's educational thought continues to influence Indian education policy.

The Wardha scheme of Basic Education, also known as Nai Talim, was proposed by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 at the All India National Education Conference held in Wardha. It emphasized learning through productive manual work.

The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, during the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay. It demanded an end to British rule. The other dates (June 1922, October 1943, January 1943) are historically incorrect.

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was started by the Ali brothers - Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali - to protest against the dismantling of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. It was an important movement that united Indian Muslims and collaborated with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Poona Pact was signed on September 24, 1932, between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi. It was an agreement on reserved seats for the Depressed Classes in the provincial legislatures, replacing the separate electorate granted by the Communal Award.

Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 after spending over two decades in South Africa. This marked the beginning of his active involvement in the Indian freedom struggle, where he applied the satyagraha methods he had developed.

Hind Swaraj was written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909 while he was sailing from London to South Africa. It outlines his political philosophy and critique of Western civilization, advocating for self-rule and nonviolent resistance.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was called off by Gandhi in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident where protesters set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen. Gandhi felt the movement had turned violent and violated his principles of nonviolent satyagraha.

The Inland Emigration Act was passed in 1859. It required plantation workers to carry a pass and made it difficult for them to leave their jobs without permission, effectively binding them to their employers.

Gandhi broke the Salt Law on April 6, 1930 during the Salt March (Dandi March). He picked up salt from the sea shore, defying the British monopoly on salt production and taxation, which sparked mass civil disobedience across India.