Modern Indian History

Gandhiji's first Satyagraha movement was in Champaran (1917) supporting indigo farmers against exploitative plantation systems. It marked his first major successful civil disobedience in India.

Aurobindo Ghosh wrote a series of articles titled 'New Lamps for Old' in 1893-94 in the Indu Prakash newspaper, offering the first systematic critique of the moderate politics of the Indian National Congress. These articles marked his early nationalist phase and criticized the Congress moderates for their gradualist approach to freedom.

The 'Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India' was signed in 1954 between India and China. This treaty acknowledged China's sovereignty over Tibet while maintaining trade and pilgrimage rights between India and the Tibetan region. However, this agreement later became a point of contention after the 1962 Sino-Indian war.

Statement 1 is correct: The First Round Table Conference (November 1930 - January 1931) had no Congress representatives because the Congress was boycotting it and was engaged in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Statement 2 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi was the sole Congress representative at the Second Round Table Conference (September-December 1931), attending as the representative of the Congress. Therefore, both statements are correct.

The Congress passed the resolution on fundamental rights and economic policy at the Karachi Session in 1931. This was indeed a major concession to placate the Left Wing and socialist elements within the Congress. The resolution outlined fundamental rights including equality before law, freedom of speech, press, association, and economic policy emphasizing nationalization of key industries and services. It was presided over by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Statement 1 is incorrect: The first issue of 'Ghadar' newspaper was published in Urdu script, not Gurumukhi. The paper was later published in Gurumukhi and other languages as well. Statement 2 is correct: The Ghadar movement organizers did ask Sikh soldiers to revolt against the British, particularly during World War I. Statement 3 is incorrect: 'Sat Sri Akal' was a common Sikh greeting, but the main rallying cry of the Ghadar Movement was 'Ghadar' (revolution) itself. Only Statement 2 is correct.

The Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929-1933) was against Communist Party of India leaders and trade unionists accused of plotting to overthrow the British government. Jawaharlal Nehru (1) did come forward in their defense. M.C. Chagla (4) also defended the accused. Muzaffar Ahmed (2) was himself one of the accused, not a defender. P.C. Joshi (3) became General Secretary of CPI in 1935 and was not among the Meerut case defenders. Therefore, only 1 and 4 are correct.

The Simla Conference (1945) failed primarily because Jinnah insisted that ALL Muslim members of the Executive Council must be nominated exclusively by the Muslim League. This demand would have given the League veto power over any Muslim representative, which Congress and Wavell could not accept. The conference broke down as neither side would compromise on this fundamental issue.

M.S. Swaminathan is recognized as the father of India's Green Revolution for his work in developing high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s. This dramatically increased India's agricultural production and made the country self-sufficient in food grains.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the key social reformer who campaigned against the practice of Sati (widow immolation). His relentless efforts and advocacy led Lord William Bentinck to pass the Sati Regulation Act of 1829, which officially banned this custom in British India. He is often called the father of modern India for his progressive reforms.

Correct Answer: 1893 - Chicago

In 1911, during the Delhi Durbar, King George V announced that the capital of India would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. The decision was made to counter the growing nationalist sentiment in Bengal and to have a more centrally located capital. The shift was completed in 1931 when New Delhi was inaugurated.

The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was signed between the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League. It was an agreement of cooperation between the two political organizations, with the Congress accepting the principle of separate electorates for Muslims. This pact marked a high point of Hindu-Muslim unity during the freedom struggle.

Dadabhai Naoroji is famously known as 'The Grand Old Man of India' for his pioneering contributions to the Indian nationalist movement. He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress and propounded the Drain Theory, which highlighted how Britain was draining wealth from India. He was also the first Indian to be elected to the British Parliament.

The All India Muslim League was formed in Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) in December 1906. The founding meeting took place at the Ahsan Manzil palace during the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The League was established to protect Muslim political interests and advocate for separate electorates in the aftermath of the partition of Bengal.