Modern Indian History

Mahatma Gandhi used the phrase 'A Beautiful Tree' to describe India's indigenous education system that existed before British intervention. He admired the traditional village-based education system. Option B is correct. Tagore, Annie Besant, and Aurobindo are not associated with this specific phrase.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, known as the Missile Man of India, authored the autobiography 'Wings of Fire' which chronicles his early life, career, and work in Indian space and missile programs. 'Rivers of Fire' is by Taslima Nasrin, 'Discovery of India' by Jawaharlal Nehru, and 'My Experience with Missiles' is not a real Kalam book.

Mahatma Gandhi's first fast was in 1918 during the Ahmedabad mill workers' strike. He fasted to support the demands of textile workers for higher wages, and this marked his first use of fasting as a political tool. The fast lasted 3 days and resulted in the workers receiving a 35% wage increase. This established fasting as a key technique in his satyagraha arsenal, which he later used for broader political causes.

B.R. Nanda was a prominent Indian historian and author who wrote the authoritative biography 'Mahatma Gandhi: A Biography' (1958). Nanda was the founder and director of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. His biography of Gandhi is considered one of the most scholarly and comprehensive works on Gandhi's life, drawing extensively from primary sources. The other options - N.K. Bose (an anthropologist), G.D. Birla (an industrialist and Gandhi associate), and Prabhudas Gandhi (a Gandhi family member) - are not the author of this particular biography.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy supported the Irish struggle against British rule, drawing parallels between Irish and Indian oppression under colonialism. He saw both as victims of British imperialism. The German Unification and French Revolution were European movements he sympathized with ideologically but did not actively support.

The Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a Government of India resolution, with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as its first Chairman. It formulated Five-Year Plans for India's economic development until it was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015. 1948-49 are incorrect as it was formed post-Constitution.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913, initially aiming to bridge Hindu-Muslim unity. He became its leader in 1916 at the Lucknow Pact. This pre-dates the Pakistan Movement, as Jinnah was then an ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.

Gujarat was formed on May 1, 1960, when the Bombay State was divided into Gujarat and Maharashtra along linguistic lines. The Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 created two separate states for Gujarati-speaking and Marathi-speaking populations. 1960 marked this major linguistic reorganization of Indian states.

My Experiments With Truth is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, originally published in Gujarati and later translated into English. It covers his life from early childhood through 1921 and chronicles the development of his philosophy of Satyagraha. The other options are notable Indian figures but not the author of this autobiography.

The Simon Commission (also known as the Indian Statutory Commission) was announced in 1927 and arrived in India in 1928. It was formed to report on India's constitutional progress. The commission was boycotted by Indians because it had no Indian members, leading to widespread protests.

Jharkhand was officially declared a state on November 15, 2000, becoming the 28th state of India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar. The date November 15 was chosen because it is the birth anniversary of tribal leader Birsa Munda, who is a significant figure in Jharkhand's history. The Bihar Reorganization Act, 2000 facilitated the creation of the new state.

The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) was established in 1945 with support from the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. It was founded by Dr. Homi Bhabha as a premier research institution in India. The institute began operations in June 1945 at the Indian Institute of Science campus in Bangalore before moving to Mumbai (then Bombay) later. It has been a pioneer in fundamental research in physics, mathematics, biology, and computer science.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak famously declared 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it' in 1908. This slogan became the rallying cry of India's independence movement during the aggressive phase of nationalism.