Modern Indian History

The Indian postal system has its origins in 1764 when Warren Hastings established the first post office under British East India Company rule. This makes 1764 the correct answer. The system evolved significantly over centuries, but 1764 marks its institutional beginning in India.

The Cabinet Mission arrived in India in March 1946 to discuss the transfer of power from British rule to Indian leadership. The mission proposed a plan for India's constitutional framework and recommended a three-tier structure of government. This mission was crucial in the independence process and its proposals influenced subsequent political developments leading to Partition in 1947.

The first passenger train in India ran on April 16, 1853, between Bombay (Bori Bunder) and Thane, covering a distance of 34 kilometers. This marked the formal beginning of the railway system in India.

Jana Gana Mana, composed by Rabindranath Tagore, was first published in 1912 in the Tatwabodhini Patrika journal. It was later adopted as India's national anthem in 1950, shortly after independence. The poem was originally written in Bengali and later translated to Hindi.

The Congress policy of 'prayer and petition' (the moderate approach) ended under Bal Gangadhar Tilak's guidance. Tilak introduced the concept of Swaraj as a birthright, promoted passive resistance and boycott movements, and famously declared 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,' marking the shift from moderate to extremist politics.

The Partition of Bengal (1905) occurred last among these events. The Permanent Settlement was implemented in 1793, the Subsidiary Alliance system was introduced by Wellesley starting 1798, and the Annexation Policy (Doctrine of Lapse) was pursued by Dalhousie between 1848-1856. The Partition of Bengal came later in 1905 during Curzon's Viceroyalty.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the 'Do or Die' slogan during the Quit India Movement in 1942. This powerful slogan called for complete and immediate independence from British rule.

Gandhiji launched his first nationwide satyagraha in 1919 against the Rowlatt Act, which allowed detention without trial and violated civil liberties. This marked the beginning of Gandhi's mass movement strategy. Champaran (1917) was his earlier satyagraha but was regional; the Simon Commission came later in 1928.

The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, demanding an end to British rule. It was a major movement during India's independence struggle. 1943 and 1944 are incorrect as the movement had already begun.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988), a Pashtun independence activist from the North-West Frontier Province, was called 'Frontier Gandhi' for his nonviolent philosophy and close association with Mahatma Gandhi. He founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God) movement and advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and nonviolent resistance against British rule.

Shankaracharya (8th-9th century) was an Advaita Vedanta philosopher who predated the Bhakti movement. Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, and others were actual Bhakti movement exponents who emphasized devotion to God.

Henry Vivian Derozio, a young Anglo-Indian teacher at Hindu College, led the Young Bengal Movement in the 1820s-1830s. He inspired radical thinking and questioned orthodox beliefs among his students before dying at age 22.

The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, initially found its primary support among the educated middle class including lawyers, teachers, and professionals. This group had the political awareness and English education to understand constitutional methods of protest. Peasants and workers joined later in the mass movements, while landlords and businessmen were often aligned with British interests initially.

Swami Dayanand Saraswati propounded the motto 'Go Back To The Vedas'. So, option 3 is correct.