Modern Indian History

Franklin D. Roosevelt first suggested the term 'United Nations' in 1942 during World War II, referring to the Allied Powers fighting against the Axis nations. The name was later adopted for the post-war international organization.

The Quit India Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, after the Cripps Mission failed to promise Dominion status after World War II. The Cripps Mission (March 1942) offered limited self-government but was rejected by Indian leaders. The Cabinet Mission came much later in 1946.

Mother Teresa (born in Macedonia, naturalized Indian citizen) was the first person of non-Indian origin to receive the Bharat Ratna in 1980. While Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (from Pakistan) received it later in 1987, Mother Teresa is recognized as the first foreign-born recipient. Martin Luther King never received this award, and Zubin Mehta (typo in option) has only received Padma awards, not Bharat Ratna.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad wrote 'India Wins Freedom', his autobiography published posthumously in 1959. The book provides an insider's account of India's freedom movement and Azad's role as Congress President and Cabinet Minister. Mahatma Gandhi wrote 'My Experiments with Truth', while Iqbal wrote 'Tarana-e-Hindi' and Ghaffar Khan authored 'My Life and Struggle'.

April 6, 1930 marks the day when Mahatma Gandhi and his followers reached Dandi after the historic Salt March (Dandi March), breaking the salt law. The Quit India Movement began in August 1942, Partition of Bengal happened in 1905, and Partition of India occurred in 1947. April 6 is specifically associated with the culmination of the 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram.

Mahatma Gandhi gave the 'Do or Die' slogan during the Quit India Movement speech on August 8, 1942 in Mumbai. This slogan embodied the spirit of immediate independence. Nehru and Subhash Bose were prominent leaders but this slogan is specifically attributed to Gandhi. Tilak gave the slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright' and had passed away by 1920.

Raja Rammohan Roy led the campaign against sati, culminating in its abolition in 1829. He argued from both humanitarian grounds and Hindu scriptures that sati had no religious sanction. While he worked on multiple social issues, his agitation against sati was the most impactful and led to concrete legislative change.

The 1916 Lucknow Session marked the historic Congress-League cooperation through the Lucknow Pact, where both parties agreed to support each other's political demands. Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims and the League supported Congress's demand for self-government. This unity was short-lived but significant for the freedom movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru delivered his famous 'Tryst with Destiny' speech on the midnight of August 14-15, 1947, marking India's independence. This speech is one of the most iconic addresses in world history.

Dadabhai Naoroji is known as the 'Grand Old Man of India' for his pioneering role in India's freedom struggle. He was the first Asian to be elected to the British Parliament and authored 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'.

Lord Curzon's agricultural reforms, including the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900, were most significant for Punjab's rural population. This Act protected farmers from losing their land to moneylenders, addressing a major crisis. Educational, Police, and Industrial reforms were important but didn't impact Punjab's people as directly as agricultural measures.

The United Nations General Assembly declared October 2nd, Mahatma Gandhi's birth anniversary, as the International Day of Non-Violence in 2007. This day honors Gandhi's philosophy of ahimsa (non-violence) and his lasting influence on civil rights movements worldwide.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828 in Calcutta. He was a social reformer who worked to abolish Sati and championed women's rights, education, and rationalism. Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded Arya Samaj, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a reformer focused on widow remarriage, and Swami Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission.

The Rebellion of 1857 in India began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army.