Modern Indian History

India gained independence from British rule on 15 August 1947. This date marks the end of nearly 200 years of British colonial rule.

The Muslim League formally demanded a separate nation for Muslims at the Lahore Resolution in March 1940. This resolution is considered the founding moment of the Pakistan movement.

The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) was established on 15 November 1920 to manage Sikh Gurdwaras. It emerged during the Gurdwara Reform Movement.

The Gurdwara Reform Movement (also known as the Akali Movement) occurred from 1920-1925. It was a campaign to liberate Gurdwaras from corrupt mahants and bring them under Sikh control.

The trade treaty on Tibet was signed on April 29, 1954 between India and China. This agreement included the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (Panchsheel).

Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 to protest repressive laws. They courted arrest to use the trial as a propaganda platform.

Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March took place in 1930, where he walked 240 miles to the Arabian Sea coast to make salt in defiance of the British salt tax. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) was a successful farmers' protest in Gujarat against unjust tax hikes. Sardar Patel's leadership during this movement earned him the title 'Sardar' (leader) and established him as a mass leader who could mobilize peasants for the national movement.

Annie Besant started 'New India' newspaper in 1914 to advocate for Home Rule and Indian self-governance. The paper became an important voice for the nationalist movement and Besant's political activities, especially during the Home Rule Movement (1916-1918).

Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Brahmo Samaj on August 20, 1828, to reform Hindu society and promote monotheism, rationalism, and social justice. The movement opposed idolatry, sati, and caste discrimination while advocating for women's rights and modern education.

Ali Muhammad Khan established the State of Rohilkhand in the mid-18th century with its capital at Bareilly. Rohilkhand was a region in northwestern Uttar Pradesh known for its Afghan Rohilla chieftains who played significant roles in 18th-century politics.

The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, came to India in 1942 with proposals for dominion status after WWII. The mission failed due to disagreements on immediate power transfer and defense controls, leading to the Quit India Movement later that year.

The Partition of Bengal (1905) was annulled in 1911 by King George V as a response to widespread Swadeshi protests and political unrest. The reversal also shifted the capital from Calcutta to Delhi, marking a significant victory for the nationalist movement.

Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association in 1861, building on the pioneering work of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar who had successfully advocated for the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856. While Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned against sati, Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj, and Swami Vivekananda promoted Hindu philosophy globally, it was Vishnu Shastri Pandit who specifically created an association to promote widow remarriage in practice.