Modern Indian History

The Home Rule League was established by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916 to demand self-rule (Home Rule) for India within the British Empire. Tilak founded the league in Pune (April 1916), while Annie Besant started another branch in Madras (September 1916). The movement aimed to unite Indians and mobilize public opinion for greater political autonomy.

The Indian Society of Oriental Art was established in 1907 by Abanindranath Tagore (also spelled Avanindra Nath Thakur) to promote traditional Indian art styles and counter Western influences. He was the principal figure of the Bengal School of Art. Option D is correct. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was a novelist, Surendra Nath Banerjee was a moderate leader, and Sisir Kumar Ghose founded The Hindu newspaper.

The Cripps Mission, led by Sir Stafford Cripps, visited India in 1942 during WWII to offer Dominion Status after the war with the right to opt out of the British Commonwealth. The Congress rejected it because it didn't promise immediate independence. Option A (1942) is correct. 1932 was the Civil Disobedience peak, 1937 saw provincial elections, and 1944 was the Gandhi-Jinnah talks.

The Pakistan (Lahore) Resolution was passed on March 23, 1940 at the Muslim League's Lahore session chaired by Jinnah. It demanded independent states for Muslim-majority areas in northwestern and eastern India. Option C is correct. The 1942 and 1938 options are wrong years/places, and Bombay was not the venue.

India's first successful cotton textile mill was established in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1853 by Cowasjee Nanabhoy Davar, marking the beginning of modern industrialization. Option D (1853) is correct. 1875 is too late, 1843 was earlier, and 1855 is close but not the exact year.

The Harijan Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1932 to work for the upliftment of Dalits (then called 'Harijans' - children of God) and fight untouchability. He started the Harijan magazine and led temple entry movements. Option A is correct. Sardar Patel, Ambedkar, and Nehru were not its founders - Ambedkar actually opposed Gandhi's approach on separate electorates.

Udant Martand, India's first Hindi newspaper, was published in 1857 by Pandit Jugal Kishore Shukla from Calcutta. It marked the beginning of Hindi journalism. Option A is correct. Bal Gangadhar Tilak published Kesari (Marathi), Amrit Lal was associated with Urdu journalism, and Sikandar Hayat Khan was a Punjab politician.

Gandhiji founded the Harijan Sewak Sangh in 1932 to work for the upliftment of the 'Harijans' (as he called Dalits) and to campaign against untouchability. This was part of his broader social reform movement during the Civil Disobedience period. The other options (1918, 1924, 1934) do not correspond to this specific organization's founding.

The Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) was formed in 1942 under Subhas Chandra Bose's leadership in Southeast Asia. While there is historical debate about whether 1942 or 1943 should be considered the formation year (depending on whether we count the earlier INA under Mohan Singh or the reorganized INA under Bose), standard curriculum textbooks typically cite 1942 as the formation year.

Gandhi first developed and implemented Satyagraha in South Africa (1893-1914) to fight racist policies against Indians. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was his first major use of this method in India. Bardoli (1928) came later.

'Dilli Chalo' was the slogan given by Subhas Chandra Bose during the Indian National Army (INA) movement. It was a call to march towards Delhi to free India from British colonial rule. This slogan represents Bose's revolutionary approach to India's independence struggle and his leadership of the INA.

Buddha

1913

Dadabhai Nauroji

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar established the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 to fight for the rights of marginalized communities in India. This organization worked towards social justice and equality for oppressed castes.