Modern Indian History

The name of Tilak became a household name during Home Rule Movement and this let him earn the epithet Lokmanya. Home Rule Movement has been taken from Ireland.The two Home Rule League were set up in April 1916 by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and in September 1916 by Annie Besant.The main objective of Home Rule League were:- Self Government in the British Empire. Work for National education, social and political reforms. Abolition of untouchability.

 “Do or Die” (Kro ya Maro) “Gandhiji” gave this Mantra to the nation on the eve of Quit India Movement.

The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar, announced by King George V. The actual shift was completed in 1912, but the decision was made in 1911.

Gandhiji published 'Indian Opinion' during his stay in South Africa (1903-1914). Young India was published later in India. Indian Opinion was used to communicate his ideas and mobilize support for the Indian community's rights in South Africa.

The States Reorganization Commission (1953) recommended reorganizing Indian states along linguistic lines, and these recommendations were comprehensively implemented with the States Reorganization Act of 1956, which came into effect on November 1, 1956. This created 14 states and 6 union territories.

Albert Einstein made this famous statement about Gandhi in 1944 after his assassination, expressing admiration for Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and moral leadership. The full quote reflects Einstein's view that future generations would scarcely believe such a man existed in flesh and blood.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhi in March 1930 with the Salt Satyagraha, deliberately violating the Salt Laws which gave the British monopoly on salt production and collection. This was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22) which boycotted British institutions without breaking specific laws.

The Cabinet Mission arrived in India in March 1946 with proposals for transferring power from British to Indian hands. The mission proposed a three-tier federation structure which was initially accepted by the Congress but rejected by the Muslim League, leading to Direct Action Day in August 1946.

Misl refers to the sovereign Sikh confederacies that existed in Punjab during the 18th century. These small political groups formed a loose military and administrative system under Ahmad Shah Abdali's regime, eventually uniting under Ranjit Singh.

E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker, also known as Periyar, launched the Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu after breaking away from Gandhi. This radical movement challenged caste oppression and advocated for social equality.

Sarojini Naidu led the Salt Satyagraha in Dharsana after Gandhi's arrest, becoming one of the most prominent women leaders in the civil disobedience movement. Annie Besant was active earlier in the Home Rule movement. Mridula Sarabhai and Muthu Lakshmi were social reformers but not the Salt March leaders.

Mahatma Gandhi first used the hunger strike as a political weapon during the Ahmedabad mill workers' strike in 1918, where he fasted to support the workers' demands. This was earlier than the Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919) and Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22). The Bardoli Satyagraha was in 1928.

Jyotiba Phule's Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth Seekers' Society) was founded in 1873 primarily to attack the caste system and Brahminical dominance. While it did save lower castes from what Phule saw as hypocritical Brahmanical practices, the movement's core objective was caste annihilation. Option B best captures this primary aim.

The Indian Forest Act was first enacted in 1865 during British colonial rule to establish state control over forests and regulate forest resources. It was later amended and replaced by the Indian Forest Act of 1927. The other dates are incorrect: 1965 is too late, 1914 is before WWI, and 1814 is too early.

The Criminal Tribes Act was enacted by the British colonial government in 1871. This discriminatory law labeled certain communities as 'criminal by birth' and subjected them to severe restrictions, surveillance, and forced resettlement. The act was part of colonial control mechanisms and remained in effect until after independence.