Microorganisms in Food Production

Transesterification is the process of converting vegetable oil, waste cooking oil and animal fats to biodiesel. In this process glyceride reacts with an alcohol to form fatty acid alkyl esters and alcohol.

Answer is A.

This is a complex process by which organic matter is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. The decomposition process produces a gaseous byproduct often called biogas, which consists primarily of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. It occurs in nature and can be used to produce biogas from biomass in an anaerobic digestor. 
To optimize the digestion process, the biodigester must be kept at a consistent temperature, as rapid changes will upset bacterial activity. In most areas of the United States, digestion vessels require some level of insulation and/or heating. Some installations circulate the coolant from their biogas-powered engines in or around the digester to keep it warm, while others burn part of the biogas to heat the digester. In a properly designed system, heating generally results in an increase in biogas production during colder periods.
Hence, the statement is true.

Barley seeds are germination to produce beer through fermentation.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. It is biodegradable and produces fewer air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Glycerin is a major byproduct in the process of biodiesel manufacturing.  This crude glycerine can be refined into a pure form and then be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Fermentation is a process of anaerobic respiration that converts sugar to acids, gasses or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation. The food processing industry depends on this phenomenon for deriving a variety of edible products and beverages. As viruses are the acellular organism, they do not follow respiration. Protista are the eukaryotic unicellular and respire like animals. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• Clostridium butylicum - lactic acid is a wrong match of a microbe and its industrial product because Clostridium butylicum forms butyric acid.
• So, the correct answer is 'butyric acid'.

Microorganisms are used in brewing, wine-making, baking, pickling and other food-making processes. They are also used to control the fermentation process in the production of cultured dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. The cultures also provide flavour and aroma, and inhibit undesirable organisms. Microbes are used in the biological treatment of sewage and industrial waste effluents. Microbes are used in fermentation to produce ethanol.

Retting is a process employing the action of microorganisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast fibre bundles and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem. Butyric acid bacteria helps in the retting of jute fibre.

Mycoderma aceti is an aerobic acetic acid bacterium that converts ethanol into acetic acid in presence of oxygen. The ethanol is first aerobically fermented into acetaldehyde which is then oxidized into acetic acid. The Mycoderma aceti present in wine and in the surrounding air produce acetic acid (vinegar) which imparts sour taste to the wine. The requirement of oxygen for the process. Heat exposure renders the bacteria inactive and acetic acid production is stopped. Long term exposure to UV light affect the phenolic and ester component of wine and render it tasteless; since acetic acid formation is not affected by light, wine is not turned sour in light.

Lactobacilli are anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria that produce lactic acid by anaerobic fermentation. They are responsible for digestion of milk sugar lactose into lactic acids at suitable temperatures which in turn add sour taste to milk. 

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules found on the face of the earth. This is so because every year plants and algae through the process of photosynthesis convert more than 100 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide and water to cellulose and other products for use by the plants. Some bacteria undergo photosynthesis but it is anoxygenic as bacteria has only pigment system I. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The sugars in the bread product are converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol as an end product. The carbon dioxide is evolved from the dough when the yeast gets dissolved in water so that it makes the dough lighter.

The residue of sugarcane from which the juice is extracted can be used to prepare Manure.

The photocell was probably a fermenter living on the preformed organic molecules in the organic soup. The primitive atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere with no free oxygen gas. So, the correct option is "Atmosphere didn't have any oxygen".

Lactobacillus delbrueckii is a beneficial bacteria found in the digestive tract. The proper balance of gut flora helps to keep your intestinal walls strong and bad bacteria at bay and can reduce the risk of chronic disease. which are highly adapted to growing on lactose and converting it into lactic acid.