Human Reproduction and Contraception

All the statements above are correct except the last one. Menstrual blood normally does not clots and flows through cervix and vagina along with inner lining of uterus. But it may clot also especially if there is blockage in cervix and free flow is obstructed. The menstrual blood contains not only blood but also tissue from the lining of the uterus. Clots are a natural way of controlling bleeding. Scientifically, it is a complicated and involved process that leads to fibrin being formed into a matrix. 
On the exposed parts of body like scraped knee, this mechanism leads to scab formation. But inside the uterus, the process results in a clot. Because blood in the uterus is mixed with many other cells and endometrial tissue, there is a difference between this clot and those seen on the skin. Whenever blood pools or is retained inside the uterus it is likely to clot. When menstrual blood and cells pass immediately outside the body, clots are less likely. As a general rule, the redder the blood is, the faster it has reached the outside. The blacker it is, the longer it took to exit the body. If the blood is accumulating faster than the body's ability to transfer it out of the uterus, clots are the result. Many women routinely have some clotting during menses. Factors that determine whether clots will occur include: the size of the uterus, the ability of the uterine myometrium (muscle) to contract, fibroids, adenomyosis, the diameter of the cervical canal through which the blood must flow, any obstruction to the outflow of menstrual products such as polyps, adhesions, etc.

Menopause is the cessation of the monthly cycle wherein ovaries do not respond to gonadotropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and do not secrete oestrogens and progesterone. It marks the end of a reproductive phase of the human female. Deposition of subcutaneous fat, the presence of pubic hair and development of mammary glands are secondary sexual characters in human females. The correct answer is A.

• Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. It occurs so as to shed the lining of the uterus or womb. 
• In the menstrual cycle, the uterus gets prepared for implantation and the endometrium builds up. 
• After ovulation, if the egg released after fertilization, does not get implanted in the uterus, it leads to shedding off this endometrium and its lining and mucus and this is called menstruation. 

The level of progesterone hormone decreases after the regression of corpus luteum, causes the uterus to shed its lining and egg in a process termed as menstruation. 

• Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. It occurs so as to shed the lining of the uterus or womb. In the menstrual cycle, the uterus gets prepared for implantation and the endometrium builds up.
•  After ovulation, if the released egg does not get implanted in the uterus, it leads to shedding off the endometrium and its lining and this is called menstruation and it generally lasts for 3-4 days.

• Menstruation is a woman's monthly bleeding. When the egg is released by the ovary, the body prepares for fertilization but building up the uterine layer and other hormonal changes. 
• However, if the egg is not fertilized, the body sheds this lining of the uterus and mucus and this is called menstrual blood and it passes from the uterus through the cervix and passes out the body through the vagina.

Menarche is the first menstrual cycle in female humans.
Menopause is the end of menstrual cycle.

Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual periods stop and she is no longer able to have children (i.e., no longer fertile), which generally happens after the age of 40-45 years.
Menstruation is the woman's monthly cycle, menarche is the first menstrual period and ageing is the general phenomenon of growing old.

• The first menstrual cycle begins at puberty but is not called menopause, instead it is called menarche. 
• Menarche is the first menstrual flow/discharge in female humans. Menopause marks the end of the menstrual cycle,

14th day of menstrual cycle will be ovulation day. Thus she will release ovum on 14th March. Next menstrual cycle will trigger on 29th March, that is after exact 28 days of previous menstrual cycle. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium (wall of the uterus) . Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilized ovum. In the absence of fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates resulting in decline in the progesterone level. This causes disintegration of the endometrium leading to menstruation, making a new cycle. 

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle in women. PMS symptoms start 1-2 days before the period and some of these symptoms include acne, swollen or tender breasts, trouble sleeping, upset stomach, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea, anxiety, depression etc.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Progesterone is the hormone which is released by the corpus luteum and the placenta. The hormone is known as the pregnancy hormone which helps in the maintenance of the cell lining of the endometrium. When the released egg is not fertilised, then the level of progesterone decreases as the corpus luteum degenerates. The low level of progesterone results in shedding of the cells from the uterine wall causing menstruation. 

Females of most vertebrate species exhibit recurring periods of heightened sexual activity in which they are sexually attractive, proceptive and receptive to the males. In mammalian females (except humans, old world monkeys and apes) this periodic sex appeal is referred to as estrous or heat i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate. One or more estrous may occur during the breeding of a species. Prior to ovulation, the endometrium (uterine wall) thickens, in preparation for holding the fertilised ova. As the proliferation of uterine tissue reaches its peak, receptivity is highest. 

The complete end of the menstrual cycle in females is marked by menopause. Menopause can occur in your 40s or 50s. Menopause is a natural biological process. Although it also ends fertility, you can stay healthy, vital and sexual.