Human Reproduction and Contraception

Answer is option A i.e. "I and II"
Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe can reproduce by the formation of buds on leaves, i.e. they can propagate vegetatively. Mango and guava asexually reproduce or propagated through grafting. Grafting is the basic propagation option for mango and guava.
Whereas, clones have same genetic make-up but not phenotypic (e.g. their height may differ).
Vegetative propagation of sweet potato occurs through adventitious buds.
Oestrus cycle is the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals, except the higher primates.

After ovulation, the ruptured Graafian follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which acts as an endocrine gland by secreting progesterone and estrogen.

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure that primarily secretes progesterone to maintain the uterine lining, but it also produces significant amounts of estrogen.

Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the process of ovulation and subsequently stimulates the transformation of the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum.

The FSH stimulates the follicle cells to secrete estrogen a female sex organ.

female eunuchoidism is the case in which the ovaries fail to function at puberty, resulting in infertility, the absence of development of secondary sex characteristics, infantile sexual organs, and excessive growth of the long bones. This is caused by the reduced amount of estrogens or inability of receptors for estrogens to respond. 

• Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.
  
• The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
• Hence Ovulation is controlled mainly by luteinizing hormone.
• So, the correct answer is 'Luteinizing hormone'.

A woman is fertile, on average, between the ages of $12$ to $15$. During these fertile years, a recurring process - known as the menstrual cycle - takes place each month. This involves the lining of the uterus preparing for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the lining breaks down and the woman has a period. This is also known as menstruation. During this period which is generally from day $1$ to the day $7$ of the cycle, the intercourse does not result in pregnancy.

The method of sterilization is tubectomy (female) or vasectomy (male). While loop, IUD and diaphragm are temporary way to keep time gap between two children.

In a typical menstruation cycle, both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during the mid-cycle called LH surge, induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release of ovum (ovulation). The ovulation (ovulatory phase) is followed by the luteal phase during, which the remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum. The corpus hemorrhagicum ("bloody body") is a temporary structure formed immediately after ovulation from the ovarian follicle. After the trauma heals, the subsequent structure is called as the corpus luteum (which in turn becomes the corpus albicans before degenerating). The corpus luteum assumes endocrine function and secretes large amounts of progesterone hormone which is essential for maintenance of the endometrium. Such an endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of pregnancy.

The release of an egg from the ovary is called ovulation. This process occurs in the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle when the secondary oocytes forms Graafian follicle which then ruptures to release the ovum. The ovulation in human females occurs under the influence of luteinizing hormone LH.

A woman typically ovulates once per month. Over the course of a year, this results in approximately 12 eggs being released.