Human Reproduction and Contraception

WTA (Women's Tennis Association) is the governing body for women's professional tennis and maintains the official rankings. ATP is for men's tennis, while IPT and WTF are not tennis ranking organizations.

Smoking damages reproductive health in both men and women. In men, it causes erectile dysfunction, reduced sperm quality, and lower testosterone levels. In women, it leads to fertility issues, complications during pregnancy, and earlier menopause.

Fecundity refers to fertility or the capacity to produce offspring abundantly, often used in biological contexts. Option A correctly defines this term. The other options are completely different concepts.

Copper releasing IUDs release copper ions which are lethal to the sperms, decrease their motility and prevent fertilization, e.g. CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375, etc.

The entire uterus is fused into a single organ, e.g. in higher primates including humans and chimpanzees.

Periodic abstinence: The couple avoids or abstains from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle. The released ovum during this period, when not fertilised, degenerates. 

In addition to condoms, diaphragms, sponges, cervical caps even vaults are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus.

IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms. The hormone releasing IUDs in addition make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Corpus luteum secretes two pregnancy hormones: progesterone and relaxin.

The cyclical changes during the reproductive phase in non-primates, such as cows, dogs, etc. is known as oestrus cycle.

These cysts form from cells on the outer surface of the ovary. 

It happens when the the sac holding the egg does not break open to release the egg, and the fluid filled sac continues to grow. This type of cyst will often resolve itself in a few months.

This is a form of birth control used by women.

IUI stands for Intra Uterine Insemination.

After ovulation, several changes continue to occur in the ovaries. The remaining follicular cells undergo structural and biochemical changes. They develop into the corpus luteum, which produce both estrogen and progesterone.