Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

Haematuria is the presence of blood cells in the urine. It may occur due to various reasons such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones etc. Both RBC(Red blood cells) and WBC (White blood cells) are blood cells. Hence haematuria is the presence of both RBC, WBC in urine.

Haematuria is the presence of blood cells in the urine. It may occur due to various reasons such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones etc. Hence haematuria is the disorder involving the loss of blood through the urine.

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are often calcium oxalate crystals. Hence kidney stone is produced due to crystallization of oxalates.

Anuria means non passage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 100 milliliters of urine in a day. Anuria is caused by failure in the function of kidneys. It may also occur because of some severe obstruction like kidney stones or tumours. It may occur with end stage renal disease.

Glycosuria is the presence of glucose(6 carbon sugar) in urine. It majorly occurs due to untreated diabetes mellitus. Hence glycosuria is a high amount of sugar in the urine.

Acute renal failure is a condition in which the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste from the blood. It can occur as a result of blood loss, toxins, or physical damage to the kidneys. Edema, hypertension and acidosis are few symptoms of acute renal failure. This is treatable and does not result in immediate death. 

Presence of ketone bodies in urine is called as ketonuria. It indicates diabetes mellitus.In diabetes mellitus glucose cannot enter the cell due to lack of insulin hence Ketone bodies are the alternate source of energy. when glucose is in short supply, ketone bodies are made in the liver by break down of fat when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply body's fuel needs.

If one kidney is removed, the other kidney will take over the work of the removed kidney and thus nothing will happen to the person and he will survive. 

Ketonuria is a term, which describes the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. Ketones are produced in the body as part of the breakdown of fatty acids. When they are present in the urine, it indicates that the body is burning fat for energy. Ketonuria occurs when diabetes mellitus becomes out of control and blood sugar levels rise too high. When this happens, the body, not having sufficient insulin to get energy into the bodys cells, breaks down body tissue (fat and muscle) into ketones, which can be used as fuel without the need for insulin.

An X-ray of lower abdomen shows shades in the region of the ureter suspected to be a ureteric calculus.  As the formation of calculus (renal stones) blocks ureter it leads to anuria (no passage of urine) and as the stones grow larger they cause irritation of wall of ureter which leads to blood in urine i.e haematuria. Hence a possible clinical symptom would be Anuria and haematuria.

Renal glycosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is eliminated (excreted) in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. With normal kidney (renal) function, glucose is excreted in the urine only when there are abnormally elevated levels of glucose in the blood. However, in those with renal glycosuria, glucose is abnormally eliminated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are primary components of the filtering units of the kidneys (nephrons). 

Renal portal system of frog drains blood from hind limbs and posterior part of the trunk and supplies to the kidneys.

Frogs possess both a renal portal system (blood from hind limbs to kidneys) and a hepatic portal system (blood from gut to liver), which is a standard feature of amphibian anatomy.