Biology

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

1,152 Questions

Human excretion and kidney physiology questions test your understanding of the excretory system, including the role of renal tubules and glomerular filtration. You will also find topics on urine formation, body water absorption, and excretory products. This section is vital for medical and general science exam preparation.

Glomerular filtrationRenal tubule absorptionExcretory productsRole of sodium ionsHuman excretory system

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology Questions

Multiple choice zoology excretion in living organisms excretion - animals human excretory system and products excretory system and products excretion - plants excretion in plants

A portion of uric acid is changed into urea and ammonia by intestinal

  1. Urogenolysis

  2. Ureolysis

  3. Uricolysis

  4. Ureotolysis
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
The bacteria present in intestinal tract break a portion of uric acid present in the food we eat into urea and ammonia. This phenomenon is called uricolysis. Hence a portion of uric acid is changed into urea and ammonia by intestinal bacteria is called as urinalysis.
So, the correct answer is 'Uricolysis'.
Multiple choice zoology excretion in living organisms excretion - animals human excretory system and products excretory system and products excretion - plants excretion in plants

Characteristics shared by urea, uric acid and ammonia are
a. They are nitrogenous wastes
b. They need a large amount of water for excretion
c. They are equally toxic
d. They are produced in kidneys.

  1. a, c

  2. a, d

  3. a, c, d

  4. a only
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

The characteristic shared by urea, uric acid and ammonia are they are nitrogenous wastes. In comparison to Ammonia and Urea, uric acid is the least toxic and the least soluble in water. It can be stored in cells and body tissues without any toxic effects and hence needs less water for excretion when compared to Ammonia and urea.

So, the correct answer is 'a only'.

Multiple choice zoology excretion in living organisms excretion - animals human excretory system and products excretory system and products excretion - plants excretion in plants

The first formed nitrogenous waste of vertebrates is

  1. $NH _2$

  2. Urea
  3. $NH _3$
  4. $NH _4$
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

For terrestrial vertebrates, nitrogenous wastes are removed from body fluids by the action of the kidneys, the same organ involved in maintaining water balance. Ammonia the direct waste produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism.  Produced by all animals.  Because of its toxicity, many animals convert ammonia into a less toxic form.  Any conversion of ammonia into other forms comes at a price, for animals must expend cellular energy (ATP) to convert ammonia to either form of nitrogenous waste listed below.


So, the correct option is 'Ammonia'.

Multiple choice zoology excretion in living organisms excretion - animals human excretory system and products excretory system and products excretion - plants excretion in plants

Which of the following statement, is false?

  1. Urea is more toxic than ammonia.

  2. Ammonia is converted to urea in liver.

  3. Ammonia is produced in the body cells by the metabolism of proteins.

  4. Fluid collected in Bowman's capsule is called glomerular fluid.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Ammonia is more water soluble and more toxic than Urea or uric acid. Ammonia is extremely toxic and its accumulation in the body can be lethal. So the liver converts toxic ammonia into less toxic urea through the urea cycle.

So, the correct answer is 'Option A'.

Multiple choice zoology excretion in living organisms excretion - animals human excretory system and products excretory system and products excretion - plants excretion in plants

Some animals convert highly toxic $NH _3$ into least toxic trimethylamine oxide $(TMAO)$ and retain high concentration of $TMAO$ and urea to minimise $H _2O$ loss from body are

  1. Sharks and rays

  2. Fresh water bony fishes

  3. Myxine

  4. Marine bony fishes
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
  • Marine teleost fishes excrete a large proportion of their nitrogen as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO). Large amounts of this compound is also stored in their body for osmoregulation i.e. to minimize loss of water and entry of salts.

So, the correct option is 'Sharks and rays'
Multiple choice biology digestion and absorption digestive system- glands mouth and buccal cavity digestive glands

A patient in a hospital is undergoing a treatment for some disorder. A machine hemodialyzer is being used to treat the patient. There is an inlet through which blood from patient's body is entering the machine and an outlet tube from the machine is entering the patient body. The organ likely to be affected in the patient body. The organ likely to be affected in the patient and the blood in inlet and outlet tube respectively will be

  1. Lungs, oxygen poor, oxygen rich

  2. Lungs, oxygen rich, oxygen poor

  3. Kidney, urea poor, urea rich

  4. Kidney, urea rich, urea poor
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

In order for blood to perform its essential functions of bringing nutrients and oxygen to the cells of the body, and carrying waste materials away from those cells, the chemical composition of the blood must be carefully controlled. Blood contains particles of many different sizes and types, including cells, proteins, dissolved ions, and organic waste products. Some of these particles, such as proteins like hemoglobin, are essential for the body. Others, such as urea (a waste product from protein metabolism), must be removed from the blood or they will accumulate and interfere with normal metabolic processes. But the largest responsibility for maintaining the chemistry of the blood falls to the kidneys, a pair of organs located just behind the lining of the abdominal cavity. It is the job of the kidneys to remove the harmful particles from the blood and to regulate the blood's ionic concentrations, while keeping the essential particles in the blood. Dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

The most commonest component of kidney stones is

  1. Calcium oxalate

  2. Uric acid

  3. Cysteine

  4. Magnesium phosphate
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Kidney stones or renal calculi are solid masses made of crystals. Calcium stones are the most common. They can be made of calcium oxalate
So, the correct answer is 'Calcium oxalate'

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Occurence of excess urea in blood due to kidney failure is

  1. Urochrome

  2. Uraemia

  3. Uricotelism

  4. Ureotelism
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Accumulation of urea in body is called uraemia. It may be due to kidney failure and other metabolic waste products may also accumulate. Uraemia develops after about 7 days of anuria (absence of urine) because of the reduced glomerular filtration rate and impaired tubular secretion of urea. Increased blood urea usually leads to confusion and mental disorientation.

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Diuresis is the condition in which

  1. The excretion volume of urine increases

  2. The excretion volume of urine decreases

  3. The kidney fails to excrete urine

  4. The water balance of the body is distributed.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Oliguria is the condition of less than 400 ml of urine per day in adults, whereas severe oliguria means less than 100 ml of urine per day in adults. Anuria means absence of urine and diuresis is the production of a large volume of urine. Diuresis may lead to acute dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Which of the following is called the artificial kidney?

  1. Dializer

  2. Haemocytometer

  3. Auto analyser

  4. Artificial Pacemaker
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

  • Dialysis is an artificial procedure of excretion of metabolites from the blood when kidneys do not work. 
  • In this process, the harmful waste products are removed from the blood. The dialysis apparatus of the dialyzer is commonly known as an artificial kidney.
  • The process of dialysis is generally recommended for the person who has been suffering problems related to the kidney and the kidney is not functioning properly.
Thus, the correct answer is option A. 

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Diuresis is a specific pathological condition which leads to

  1. Increased volume of urine excretion

  2. Decreased volume of urine excretion

  3. Increased glucose excretion

  4. Decreased electrolyte concentration
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Diuresis as a pathological condition occurs  under hyposecretion of ADH or Vasopressin, which affects the water rreabsorption by the tubule into the blood by the peritubular network.This results in excretion of dilute urine. A disorder known as diabetes insipidus.

So, the correct answer is 'Increased volume of urine excretion'

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Increase in frequency of urination is

  1. Uremia

  2. Proteinuria

  3. Polyurea

  4. Glycosuria
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Increase in frequency of urination is called as Polyurea. The most common cause of polyurea in children and adult is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.it may also occur due to various reasons such as urinary tract infractions, hypopituitarism, Hyperglycemia etc.

So, the correct answer is 'Polyurea'.

Multiple choice zoology excretory system of human disorders of excretory system disorders related to the excretory system functions and disorders of kidney

Which is wrong

  1. Presence of albumin in urine is albuminaria

  2. Presence of glucose in urine is glycosuria

  3. Presence of ketose sugar in urine is ketonuria

  4. Presence of excess urea in blood is uremia

  5. Presence of haemoglobin in nature haemoglobinuria
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Ketonuria is the Presence of the high number of ketone bodies in urine. It may occur due to diabetes, starvation, fasting or glycogen storage disease. Ketone bodies(acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate) are water-soluble molecules containing keto group these are not carbohydrates like Ketone sugar (fructose).

So, the correct answer is 'Option C'.