Biology

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology

1,215 Questions

Human excretion and kidney physiology questions test your understanding of the excretory system, including the role of renal tubules and glomerular filtration. You will also find topics on urine formation, body water absorption, and excretory products. This section is vital for medical and general science exam preparation.

Glomerular filtrationRenal tubule absorptionExcretory productsRole of sodium ionsHuman excretory system

Human Excretion and Kidney Physiology Questions

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Uraemia is the occurrence of

  1. Blood in urine

  2. Excess of urea in blood

  3. Excess of sugar in blood

  4. Deficiency of sugar
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Uremia is caused by extreme and usually irreversible damage to your kidneys. This is usually from chronic kidney disease. The kidneys are no longer able to filter the waste from your body and send it out through your urine. Instead, that waste gets into your bloodstream, causing a potentially life-threatening condition.

So, the correct option is 'Excess of urea in blood'.

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Chemical composition of renal calculi, besides uric acid is

  1. Bile salts

  2. Barium chloride

  3. Zinc sulphate

  4. Calcium oxalate
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation
Approximately 70-80% of kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Of the rest, 10% are struvite, 10% of uric acid; and less than 1% are composed of cystine or are diagnosed as drug-related stones. Calcium and uric acid stones are more common in men; women have more struvite stones.
So, the correct option is 'Calcium oxalate'.
Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Renal calculi are formed due to

  1. Calcium oxalate crystals accumulation

  2. Bacterial infection

  3. Clotting of blood

  4. Presence of hard particles in food
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are formed often to do accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals.

So, the correct answer is 'Option A'.

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Urine calculi are

  1. Bile pigments

  2. Protein particles

  3. Ketones

  4. Small stones
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are often calcium oxalate crystals.

So, the correct answer is 'Small stones"

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Which of the following disease shows the blockage of kidney tubules and causes severe back pain?

  1. Nephtritis

  2. Kidney failure

  3. Uremia

  4. Renal calculi
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Renal calculi or kidney stone is a solid piece of material blocking the passage of urine in ureter. It leads to pain usually in lower back and then growing in groin area.

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Which of the following disease shows the blockage of kidney tubules and causes severe back pain?

  1. Renal calculi

  2. Kidney failure

  3. Uremia

  4. Nephritis
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Renal calculi is also called as kidney stones. Renal calculi mainly contains calcium oxalate. It also includes cystine stones or uric acid stones. It results in the blockage of kidney tubules by a solid mass of crystals. It causes severe pain in the back, abdomen, flank and groin. 

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Select correct option for the following statement.
(a) It occurs due to bacterial infection
(b) Back pain
(c) Frequent urination
(d) It is an inflammation of renal pelvis, intestinal tissue and calyces.

  1. Uremia

  2. Renal Calculi

  3. Kidney failure

  4. Nephritis
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Nephritis is the inflammation of kidneys. renal pelvis, intestinal tissue and calyces. It occurs due to bacterial infection or toxins. Symptoms include back pain, pain in pelvis, frequent urination, blood or pus in urine, swelling in some body parts. 

Thus, the correct answer is 'nephritis.'

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Uraemia is an excretory disorder in which

  1. The tubules of kidney reabsorb urea in large amount.

  2. Concentration of urea goes high in the blood because the tubules are not able to remove it from the blood.

  3. Urea is produced in excess in the body.

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Uraemia is the toxic effects of abnormally high concentrations of urea or nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of the kidneys failure to expel these waste products by way of the urine. The end products of protein metabolism accumulate in the blood but are normally filtered out when the blood passes through the kidneys. Uraemia can result from any disorder that impairs the functioning of the kidneys or that hinders the excretion of urine from the body. 

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Diuretics are substances that help eliminate water from the body. Few volunteers were taken into the study, all of which had same mass. They drank nothing for eight hours before the test and urinated just prior to ingesting the test substance. The three substances (water, caffeine, and salt) were tested on three separate days. The results are shown in the tables below.
Table 1

Volunteer Amount of caffeine ingested(in 100 ml water) Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 50 mg 302 ml
B 100 mg 492 ml
C 150 mg 667 ml
D 200 mg 863 ml


Table 2

Volunteer Amount of sodium chloride ingested(in 100 ml water) Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 0.9 g 201 ml
B 1.8 g 162 ml
C 2.7 g 125 ml
D 3.6 g 82 ml

Table 3

Volunteer Volume of water ingested Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 100 ml 230 ml
B 200 ml 240 ml
C 300 ml 252 ml
D 400 ml 263 ml


Which of the following substances could be classified as a diuretic?

  1. Caffeine

  2. Sodium

  3. Water

  4. Both A and B

  5. Both A and C
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
E Correct answer
Explanation

Diuretics are substances that cause an increase in the production of urine. In the given table 1, as the concentration of caffeine ingestion increases, volume of urine increases. Same results can be made from table 3 that is the volume of urine collected increases with the volume of water ingested but In table 2 as the concentration of sodium chloride ingested, the volume of urine decreases gradually. So, water and caffeine can be classified as a diuretic. Thus, the correct answer is 'Both A and C.'

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Diuretics are substances that help eliminate water from the body. Few volunteers were taken into the study, all of which had same mass. They drank nothing for eight hours before the test and urinated just prior to ingesting the test substance. The three substances (water, caffeine, and salt) were tested on three separate days. The results are shown in the tables below.
Table-1

Volunteer Amount caffeine ingested(in 100 ml water) Volume urine collected after 1 hour
A 50 mg 302 ml
B 100 mg 492 ml
C 150 mg 667 ml
D 200 mg 863 ml

Table-2

Volunteer Amount sodium chloride ingested(in 100 ml water)    Volume urine collected after 1 hour
A 0.9 g 201 ml
B 1.8 g 162 ml
C 2.7 g 125 ml
D 3.6 g 82 ml

Table-3

Volunteer Volume water ingested Volume urine collected after 1 hour
A 100 ml 230 ml
B 200 ml 240 ml
C 300 ml 252 ml
D 400 ml 263 ml


The reason of ingesting the plain water was to

  1. Rehydrate the volunteers

  2. Dissolve the substances

  3. Act as a control

  4. Flush out the kidneys

  5. Act as a positive test substance
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Because the caffeine and the sodium chloride were dissolved in water, plain water was consumed as a control to make sure the effects seen were due to the added substances and not the water. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Multiple choice biology excretion to maintain homeostasis kidney dialysis kidney disorders disorders of kidney

Diuretics are substances that help eliminate water from the body. Few volunteers were taken into the study, all of which had same mass. They drank nothing for eight hours before the test and urinated just prior to ingesting the test substance. The three substances (water, caffeine, and salt) were tested on three separate days. The results are shown in the tables below.
Table-1

Volunteer Amount of caffeine ingested(in 100 ml water)    Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 50 mg 302 ml
B 100 mg 492 ml
C 150 mg 667 ml
D 200 mg 863 ml

Table-2

Volunteer Amount of sodium chloride ingested(in 100 ml water) Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 0.9 g 201 ml
B 1.8 g 162 ml
C 2.7 g 125 ml
D 3.6 g 82 ml

Table-3

Volunteer Volume of urine collected after 1 hour Volume of urine collected after 1 hour
A 100 ml 230 ml
B 200 ml 240 ml
C 300 ml 252 ml
D 400 ml 263 ml


If a volunteer had ingest 4.5 g sodium chloride dissolved in 100 ml water, what would had be the amount of urine volume collected after one hour?

  1. 20 ml

  2. 30 ml

  3. 40 ml

  4. 50 ml

  5. 60 ml
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
From the table, as the increase in sodium chloride of 0.9 g results in the decrease in urine volume of approximately 40 ml. When 3.6 g sodium chloride is ingested, 82 ml urine is produced. Thus on ingesting 4.5 g sodium chloride, the expected urine volume would be 40 ml less than 82 ml i.e., 42 ml.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
Multiple choice zoology control and coordination in living organisms adrenal gland thymus and adrenal gland adrenal glands

Retention of sodium in body depends upon hormone from

  1. Adrenal cortex

  2. Adrenal medulla

  3. Parathyroid

  4. Thyroid
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid) produced by the outer section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland. Aldosterone promotes sodium ($Na^+$) and water retention and lowers plasma potassium ($K^+$) concentration.