Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Myxedema is a dry, waxy type of swelling associated with hypothyroidism. It leads to distinctive facial changes with swollen lips and nose. Thus, this is a disease due to adult hypothyroidism.

Goitre is a disease in which the thyroid gland in the body does not work properly. This happens due to low intake of iodine in diet. 

Suresh's father was suffering from ‘diabetes’ because his pancreas was not producing the hormone insulin in sufficient quantities.

Hyposecretion of growth hormone results in dwarfism.

Grave's disease is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid.

Basedow-Graves disease is caused due to hypersecretion of T₄ hormone. Plummer’s disease is caused due to hypersecretion of T₄ hormone.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder affecting how the body processes the amino acid phenylalanine. It primarily causes brain and nervous system damage if untreated, not diseases of gums, heart, or liver.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis). This is caused by autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) that activate the TSH-receptor (TSHR), thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlarged goiter).

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune processes.

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This is the correct option. 

Iodine deficiency causes goitre (Option B), which is the enlargement of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland requires iodine to produce hormones, and deficiency leads to compensatory enlargement. Gigantism is caused by growth hormone excess, cretinism by severe congenital hypothyroidism, and diabetes by insulin deficiency.

Pancreas produces insulin to maintain the sugar level in our body. Deficiency in producing insulin results in diabetes.